Hip Osteoarthritis

Written by: Dr Jeremy Steinberg – created: 28 June 2020; last modified: 11 November 2023

This page is probably complete!

It is awaiting peer review

Illustration of hip joint osteoarthritis
Hip Osteoarthritis
Synonym	Hip coxarthrosis
Epidemiology	~4% symptomatic OA, ~20% radiographic OA, in age >50.
Classification	Primary and secondary
Risk Factors	FAI, DDH, age >60, family history
Clinical Features	Posterior pain with squat, groin pain with abduction or adduction, abductor weakness, decreased ROM, scour test
Diagnosis	Clinically in mild to moderate disease
Tests	Plain radiograph, MRI, diagnostic intra-articular hip joint local anaesthetic injection
Treatment	Exercise, weight loss, education, injections, surgery

Hip osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease, and is the second most common joint affected by osteoarthritis after the knee. The condition imposes an increasing burden on the healthcare system, yet research has not kept pace with knee specific research. Clinical guidelines for hip osteoarthritis tend to extrapolate from knee osteoarthritis research, despite these conditions being distinct.

Epidemiology

A US study of mostly Caucasian people aged over 50, the prevalence of radiographic hip OA was 19.6%, and the prevalence of symptomatic disease was 4.2%, with the prevalence increasing with higher age. The authors found a male predominance of symptomatic OA, especially in older individuals, unlike other studies which have found a female predominance. There is generally a male predominance of radiographic OA. A Japanese study found the prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis to be 18.2% in men and 14.3% in women Overall the relationship between sex and hip OA isn't clear.

The prevalence of hip OA in patients with hip and/or groin pain presenting to primary care is 35%.

Prevalence of Radiographic and Symptomatic Hip Osteoarthritis by Sex, Age (95% CI)

	Radiographic Hip OA	Symptomatic Hip OA
Men (n=434)	24.7% (20.6%-28.7%)	5.2% (3.3%-7.8%)
Women (n=544)	13.6% (10.7%-16.5%)	3.0% (1.7%-4.8%)
Age 50-59 (n=390)	14.6% (11.1%-18.1%)	3.4% (1.8%-5.8%)
Age 60-69 (n=337)	16.6% (12.6%-20.6%)	2.7% (1.3%-5.1%)
Age 70-79 (n=197)	25.9% (19.8%-32.0%)	6.3% (3.3%-10.7%)
Age ≥ 80 (n=54)	31.5% (19.1%-43.9%)	7.4% (0.2%-17.9%)
Crude Prevalence	18.5% (16.1%-20.9%)	4.0% (2.8%-5.4%)
Age-standardized Prevalence	19.6% (16.7%-23.0%)	4.2% (2.9%-6.1%)

Aetiology and Risk Factors

Hip osteoarthritis is usually caused by a series of different risk factors which can be categorised into those at the joint level and whole person level. The risk factors lead to instability, malalignment, increased joint load, and microtrauma, which subsequently leads to disruption of the homeostatic equilibrium between joint synthesis and degradation, resulting in a final common pathway of osteoarthritic change.

There are several structures around the hip that are richly innervated by sensory nerve fibres. These include the periosteum, subchondral bone, synovium, and surrounding soft tissues. In the presence of Central Sensitisation there may be an additional central physiological process. Hip osteoarthritis can also lead to changes in gait which can lead to pain in the knees and lumbar spine.

Joint Level Risk Factors

Abnormal joint morphology is the most important risk factor. This includes the cam form of Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) and the less common Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH), which are both associated with early-onset OA. One proposition is that abnormal joint morphology exists on a spectrum, with more subtle abnormalities being associated with late-onset or "primary" OA.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Main article: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

In DDH, the femoral head sits in a shallow acetabulum.

Abnormal joint morphology causes abnormal loading on the joint and accelerates articular degeneration. In DDH, a shallow and often maloriented acetabulum with excessive anteversion causes decreased femoroacetabular contact surface area, subluxation of the femoral head, and greatly increased load onto the joint. The distribution of shear forces are most commonly directed anterosuperiorly onto the acetabular rim, and this results in labral and cartilage damage. More severe forms of DDH result in whole joint failure early in life, while in milder dysplasia this can occur later.

Femoroacetabular Impingement

Main article: Femoroacetabular Impingement

Pincer impingement. There is acetabular over-coverage, and the femoral neck abuts against the labrum, damaging it as well as the underlying cartilage. With continued hip flexion there is subtle joint subluxation and a contre-coup lesion forms. There is delamination of the labrum from the acetabular cartilage.

Cam impingement. The cam lesion abuts against the labrum, pushing it outwards and compressing the acetabular cartilage inwards. The labrum separates from the cartilage and the acetabular cartilage delaminates from the bone.

FAI is probably a more common cause of the development of hip OA, however FAI is also common in asymptomatic individuals and so it is not a sufficient cause.

There are two patterns, cam and pincer, as well as a combination of both types. In cam FAI there is a thickened, aspherical femoral head-neck junction, which abuts against the anterosuperior labrum with hip flexion, and results in compression of the labrum and acetabular cartilage. This leads to separation of the labrum from the acetabular cartilage and delamination of the acetabular cartilage from the subchondral bone.

In pincer FAI, there is an overcoverage of the acetabulum with a deepened acetabular on the femoral head. The femoral neck abuts against the acetabular labrum and compresses it, damaging both the labrum and underlying cartilage. Lesions usually occur anterosuperiorly from hip flexion like with cam lesions, but also posteroinferiorly from posterior subluxation due to continued flexion causing a contre-coup lesion.

The CHECK study assessed 1002 patients aged 45–65 years with early symptoms of hip OA but without definite radiographic evidence of the same over 5 years. At baseline, 76% of the included hips had no radiographic signs of osteoarthritis and 24% doubtful osteoarthritis. Cam deformities and acetabular dysplasia were shown to be associated with an increased odds ratio for progression to early onset osteoarthritis. While pincer changes were actually associated with a reduced risk.

Muscle Dysfunction

Another possible risk factors that warrants further study is muscle dysfunction of the deep hip stabilisers, which is commonly found in FAI. The deep stabilising muscles may play a role in shock absorption. Muscle weakness may be due to pain inhibition, muscle disuse atrophy, or aberrant joint mechanics.

Joint Injury and Labral Tears

Joint injury is well-established as a risk factor for OA development in other joints, such as ACL tears in knee osteoarthritis. Labral tears are associated with chondral damage and it is thought that they may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. However isolated labral tears are very common in the asymptomatic population and this area needs further study.

Whole Person Risk Factors

These include age, sex, weight, genetics, ethnicity, and occupation. There is no high-quality evidence that implicate any dietary risk factors.

Age and Sex

Age and sex has been discussed in the epidemiology section. In short, the risk increases with age, and the relationship between sex and hip OA isn't clear.

Weight

Increased weight is associated with an increased risk of hip OA, but with a less marked relationship than with knee OA. There are two proposed mechanisms for weight being a risk factor. One possible cause is increased biomechanical loading on the joint. Another cause is the metabolic theory, where the development of OA is spurred on by pro-inflammatory factors. This theory is supported by the fact that there is a relationship between obesity and OA in the non-weight bearing hand.

Genetics

Genetic factors account for around 60% of hip OA risk, with several candidate genes being identified, often related to synovial joint development. This may be related to the spectrum model of hip joint morphology abnormalities.

Ethnicity

There is marked variation of hip OA development between different ethnicities. hip OA is 80-90% less prevalent in Chinese than USA Caucasians. A postulated cause is differences in joint morphology, with Caucasians having higher rates of femoral head asphericity and pincer impingement morphology. There may be genetic factors at play.

Occupation

Occupations that require heavy manual work confers an increased risk of hip OA development. Farming is a particularly strong risk factor, with a three fold greater relative risk. Athletes may be predisposed to hip OA. This may be due to joint injury, increased load, and a higher prevalence of cam morphology (due to high levels of physical activity in adolescence). In the general population there is no good evidence that exercise is a risk factor for hip OA, and joint loading is required for joint homeostasis.

Clinical Features

Red Flags

• Sudden onset of acute pain
• Trauma
• Pain not improved by rest
• Pain so severe that weight bearing isn't possible

History

Cumulative pain drawings in 109 patients with unilateral hip OA. Modified from Poulsen et al.

The pain is often poorly localised. Patients can have pain over quite a large area. In a study of 109 patients, pain was present in the greater trochanter (77%), groin (53%), anterior/lateral thigh (42%), buttock (38%), knee (17%), and lower leg (15%). Less than 20% had pain in only one area, most commonly the greater trochanter.

Patients with neural sensitisation can have unusual distributions of pain at a surprising distance from the hip such as below the knee.

There is no clear association between pain levels and radiographic severity of hip osteoarthritis. Up to 40% of patients with hip osteoarthritis have no pain. Patients with higher pain levels showed differences in sensitisation as measured by quantitative sensory testing.

None of the features on history are particularly helpful on their own for identifying hip OA. Medial thigh pain is highly suggestive of hip OA but is only present in 2.7% of patients. The presence of morning stiffness, pain on walking, and relief of pain on sitting all have positive likelihood ratios of <2.0, but their negative likelihood ratios are more helpful, i.e. the absence of these factors.

Historical factors and likelihood of hip osteoarthritis.

Feature on History	Sensitivity	Specificity	LR+ (95% CI)	LR- (95% CI)
Family history of OA	34%	84%	2.1 (1.2-3.6)	0.79 (0.67-0.93)
Personal history of knee OA	33%	84%	2.1 (1.1-3.8)	0.80 (0.68-0.95)
Age > 60	96%	25%	1.5 (1.3-1.7)	0.11 (0.02-0.78]
Age < 50	91%	28%	1.3 (1.1-1.5)	0.32 (0.16-0.62)
Worst pain in medial thigh	12%	98%	7.8 (1.7-37)	0.89 (0.77-1.0)
Worst pain in buttock	12-67%	57-69%	0.38-2.0	0.38-0.76
Pain on climbing stairs or walking down slopes	68%	68%	2.1 (1.6-2.8)	0.47 (0.35-0.63)
Morning stiffness <60 min	56-91%	41-67%	1.5-1.7	0.22-0.65
Pain on initial steps after rest	92%	26%	1.2 (1.1-1.4)	0.31 (0.08-1.2)
Pain on walking	80-97%	12-34%	1.1-1.2	0.25-0.58
Pain relieved by sitting	92%	33%	1.4 (0.2-1.6)	0.24 (0.06-0.92)

Examination

Main article: Hip Examination

Physical examination findings are in general more useful than historical features for identifying hip OA. Posterior hip pain with squat is the test with the highest likelihood ratio, but some patients may not be very excited about trying this. Groin pain on hip abduction or adduction, abductor weakness, decreased hip adduction, and decreased hip internal rotation are all findings with positive likelihood ratios above 3. For identifying those who do not have hip OA, normal hip passive adduction or abduction are the most helpful.

Extension is examined with the patient prone and lifting the leg off the table. Flexion is examined with the patient supine, and the examiner lifts the knee to the abdomen. In this position the foot can be kept in the same position, and the knee moved towards the midline, causing internal rotation. The hip can then be moved away from the midline, which causes external rotation. Adduction and abduction are assessed by putting the feet together. The foot is then moved across or away from the midline respectively. Normal ranges of motion are below. Goniometers are sometimes used, but usually estimates are sufficient. The examiner should compare range to the other side, but keeping in mind that osteoarthritis is often bilateral.

Normal range of motion of the hip joint

Passive Movement	Normal ROM
Flexion	0 - 140°
Internal rotation	0 - 30°
External rotation	0 - 40°
Abduction	0 - 50°
Adduction	0 - 30°
Extension	0 - 20°

Examination findings and likelihood of hip osteoarthritis

Feature on Exam	Sensitivity	Specificity	LR+ (95% CI)	LR-(95% CI)
Abductor weakness	44	90	4.5 (2.4-8.4)	0.62 (0.43-0.88)
Limp	85	43	1.5 (1.2-1.9)	0.35 (0.20-0.61)
Inguinal ligament tenderness	60	75	2.4 (1.6-3.8)	0.53 (0.33-0.87)
Tensor fascia lata tenderness	40	80	2.0 (1.1-3.4)	0.75 (0.54-1.1)
Squat causing posterior pain	24	96	6.1 (1.3-29)	0.79 (0.62-1.0)
Groin pain on abduction or adduction	33	94	5.7 (1.6-20)	0.71 (0.52-0.97)
Scour test	62	74	2.4 (1.4-4.3)	0.51 (0.29-0.90)
Pain on hip adduction	68-80	46-54	1.5 - 1.5	0.43-0.59
Pain on hip internal rotation	82-88	38-39	1.4 - 1.4	0.31-0.45
Restricted movement in 3 planes	NA	NA	4.4 (2.4-8.3)	NA
Restricted movement in 2 planes	NA	NA	1.5 (0.90-2.6)	NA
Restricted movement in 1 plane	NA	NA	1.3 (0.85-2.0)	NA
Restricted movement in 0 planes	NA	NA	0.91 (0.78-1.1)	NA
Decreased hip adduction	80	81	4.2 (3.0-6.0)	0.25 (0.11-0.54)
Decreased hip internal rotation	66	79	3.2 (1.7-6.0)	0.43 (0.31-0.60)
Decreased hip range of movement	75	74	2.9 (2.1-4.0)	0.34 (0.25-0.47)
Decreased hip extension	76	68	2.4 (1.8-3.2)	0.35 (0.17-0.71)
Decreased hip external rotation	76	64	2.1 (1.6-2.8)	0.37 (0.19-0.76)
Decreased hip abduction	88	46	1.6 (1.3-2.1)	0.26 (0.09-0.77)

Combinations of findings have also been studied.

Combination of findings for identifying hip osteoarthritis

Findings	Number of findings	LR+ (95% CI)
Age > 60 Inguinal ligament tenderness Decreased external rotation Deccreased internal rotation Decreased adduction Bony restriction using passive hip movement Hip abductor weakness	5 or more	35 (13-95)
	4	2.0 (0.88-4.3)
	3 or fewer	0.05 (0.01-0.32)
Age > 60 Pain lasting longer than 3 months Groin tenderness Decreased external rotation Absence of pain aggravation by sitting	4 or more	4.9 (2.8-8.7)
	2-3	0.72 (0.57-0.93)
	0 or 1	0.24 (0.09-0.64)

Investigations

Imaging

Plain radiographs can demonstrate joint space narrowing, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, and subchondral cysts. They may also show alternative causes for pain such as pelvic bone tumours. The Kellgren and Lawrence classification is most commonly used to assess OA severity, however this system relies on the presence of osteophytes, which doesn't correlate well to pain.

• Grade 1, doubtful OA with possible joint space narrowing medially and subtle osteophyte formation around the femoral head.
• Grade 2, mild OA with definite joint space narrowing inferiorly with definite osteophyte formation and slight subchondral sclerosis.
• Grade 3, moderate OA with marked narrowing of the joint space, small osteophytes, some sclerosis and cyst formation, and deformity of the femoral head and acetabulum.
• Grade 4, obliterated joint space with features seen in grades 1 to 3, large osteophytes, and gross deformity of the femoral head and acetabulum.

See Radiopaedia for a collection of x-ray cases.

MRI is more specific, and much more sensitive for detecting hip osteoarthritis than plain films, and can also visualise the labrum, cartilage, bone marrow, ligaments, and synovium. It also visualises other possible causes of pain such as gluteal tendinopathy.

Ultrasound is useful for detecting effusions and synovitis, and can also be used for guided injections.

CT can be used for surgical planning.

• 

  Normal hips

• 

  Early hip osteoarthritis, right worse than left.

• 

  Moderate hip osteoarthritis. Cartilage space loss, subchondral sclerosis, and cystic change. Plus OA of inferior SIJs.

• 

  Advanced right hip osteoarthritis.

Laboratory Tests

Depending on the clinical context, rheumatological blood tests may need to be performed.

Diagnostic Injection

A significant minority of patients are a diagnostic dilemma due to clinical and radiographic features that could be consistent with alternative causes of pain (especially spinal). In these cases, a commonly performed procedure in Musculoskeletal Medicine in New Zealand is the diagnostic intra-articular hip joint injection. Under either ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance, local anaesthetic is infiltrated into the hip joint. An appreciable reduction in pain post-procedure is consistent with nociception arising from the hip joint. A long acting or combination of short and long acting anaesthetic is usually used, to allow the patient ample time to test out provocative movements and positions.

This practice is well supported by the literature and predicts response to total hip arthroplasty to a very high degree. The main limitation to these studies is that patients with a negative response didn't tend to have surgery (as you'd expect), and so we only really can comment on the sensitivity (TP / TP + FN), rather than the specificity (TN / TN + FP). The true negative rate is not well known: we don't know whether we are completely excluding the possibility of response to surgery with a negative injection. The studies have tended to call true negatives those that improved with treatment of the alternative cause of pain (usually spinal), or not commented at all.

Accuracy of diagnostic hip joint injections for predicting response to total hip arthroplasty

Study	Injectate (+/- contrast)	Image Guidance	Cut-off	Number	Sensitivity	Specificity
Crawford et al 1998	10mL Bupivacaine 0.5%	Fluoroscopy	Not clear	42	87-100%	80-100%
Faraj et al 2003	bupivacaine 0.5% +/- triamcinolone	Fluoroscpy	Complete or "significant" relief of pain	47	88%	100%
Illgen et al 2006	3.5mL lidocaine 2% 3.5mL bupivacaine 0.5%	Fluoroscopy	>50% relief of pain	34	95.2%	87.5%
Pateder et al 2007	9mL lidocaine 1% 40mg triamcinolone	Fluoroscopy	Unable to access full article	83	100%	81%
Ashock et al 2009	Up to 10mL bupivacaine 0.5%	Fluoroscopy	>70% relief of pain	48	97%	91%
Deshmukh et al 2010	5mL bupivacaine 0.5% 80mg methylprednisolone	Fluoroscopy	>50% pain relief after 30 minutes Or delayed response within 2 weeks	204	91.5%	100%
Yoong et al 2012	Up to 10mL bupivacaine 0.25%	Ultrasound	Complete relief of pain	138	91.5%	91.5%

It is suggested to avoid co-injection of corticosteroid if total hip arthroplasty is being considered due to the risk of deep infection.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis can be made clinically in those with mild to moderate symptoms, with examination findings being more useful than historical factors. In those with more severe symptoms then plain radiographs are performed. If the radiographs are normal then there should be a search for other causes of pain.

Plain radiographs are cheap, however because most patients with radiographic OA have asymptomatic disease, there is a risk of incorrectly attributing the pain to osteoarthritis, and subsequently having incorrect treatment. Therefore it is as important as ever to consider the pre-test probability, and consider other diagnoses.

In cases where the diagnosis is uncertain, a positive response to a diagnostic intra-articular local anaesthetic injection lends credence to the diagnosis. In the authors experience, hip surgeons in New Zealand may not to consider buttock dominant pain to consistent with hip osteoarthritis, and so a positive diagnostic injection may support the decision to have total hip arthroplasty in atypical cases.

Differential Diagnosis

Hip Pain Differential Diagnosis

• Anterior pain
  • Hip Osteoarthritis
  • Femoroacetabular Impingement
  • Iliopsoas Tendionopathy
  • Inflammatory arthritis
  • Avascular necrosis/osteonecrosis of the femoral head
  • Hip Labral Tear
  • Nerve Entrapments: Genitofemoral Nerve Entrapment, Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment
  • Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
  • Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip
  • Inguinal or femoral hernia
  • Gynaecological causes
  • Gonadal tumours
  • Inguinal lymphadenopathy
• Posterior pain
  • Hip Osteoarthritis
  • Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
  • Lumbar Somatic Referred Pain
  • Lumbar Radicular Pain
  • Hamstring Tendinopathy
  • Piriformis Syndrome
• Lateral pain
  • Gluteal Tendinopathy
  • Somatic Referred Pain from the Lumbar Spine or Sacroiliac Joints
  • Calcific Tendinopathy of the abductor tendons
  • Hip Osteoarthritis
  • Meralgia paraesthetica
  • Snapping Hip Syndrome
  • Proximal Iliotibial Band Syndrome
  • See complete list
• Medial pain
  • Hip Osteoarthritis
  • Adductor Related Groin Pain
  • Nerve entrapments: Genitofemoral Nerve Entrapment, Ilioinguinal Nerve Entrapment, Pudendal Nerve Entrapment, Obturator Nerve Entrapment
• Other
  • Septic Arthritis
  • Hip Fracture
  • Hip chondral defects
  • Ligamentum teres injury
  • Pelvic bone tumours
  • Pelvic insufficiency fractures
  • Stress fracture
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm

Treatment

Research into hip OA has lagged far behind knee OA, and treatment recommendations for hip OA are often extrapolated from knee OA.

Non-pharmacological

Education, exercise, and weight loss are the mainstays of non-pharmacological management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. However long-term compliance is generally challenging, and there appears to be less benefit than for knee OA.

Some exercise options include aerobic exercise, flexibility exercises, strengthening exercises, water-based exercises, and tai chi. Exercise results in a modest reduction in pain (8 points more than control in a 0-100 scale) and improvement of function (7 points more than control in a 24 point scale). Water-based exercises may be helpful for those with particularly severe symptoms that limit engagement with land-based exercises.

The current evidence does not support physiotherapy as being more effective than home-exercises.

The recommendation for weight loss has been extrapolated from knee osteoarthritis and the fact that obesity is a known risk factor for hip osteoarthritis. There are no data on weight loss specifically for reducing symptoms of hip osteoarthritis.

Medication

NSAIDs are effective for managing hip osteoarthritis, with greater effect with higher doses. Diclofenac 150mg/day is the most effective NSAID available. However, the safety profile needs to be considered for the patient in question, and the lowest dose and shortest duration possible should be used in those with considerable symptoms and poor response to nonpharmacological treatments.

There is no evidence to support single-agent paracetamol.

In a landmark study, opioids were not superior to treatment with nonopioid medications in a study of patients with severe chronic back pain, hip OA, or knee OA. Due to both poor efficacy and safety concerns, opioids should not generally be used for hip osteoarthritis.

Injections

Main article: Hip Joint Injection

There are a variety of injection options which can can be done under ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance. Ultrasound is preferred over fluoroscopy due to it causing less pain, being more convenient, and being cheaper.

Summary of pain Numerical Rating Scale (primary outcome measure) by treatment group. BCT=best current treatment. See interactive graphic

Steroid: Steroid injections for hip osteoarthritis is controversial, but may be an option for short term partial relief of pain in those unsuitable for surgery or those who wish to delay surgery.

A 2016 meta-analysis of five small trials found that they confer a moderate short term effect for up to 8 weeks and are generally well tolerated. The HIT trial was a 2022 three arm single blind RCT of 199 adults with at least moderate hip osteoarthritis that compared advice and education (best current treatment - BCT), with BCT plus ultrasound guided steroid (40mg triamcinolone) and lidocaine injection, and with BCT plus ultrasound guided lidocaine injection. The steroid group was superior but most benefits occurred within two months for pain and function and four months for function only, with no differences at six months. The proportion that reported being completely recovered or much better at two months for the steroid group vs the BCT group was 56% vs 0% at two weeks, 45% vs 7% at two months, 27% vs 17% at four months, and 22% vs 22% at six months. The presence of synovitis or effusion was associated with favouring the steroid group.

Another RCT of 107 patients found that intramuscular steroid (40mg triamcinolone) was superior to placebo injection (difference difference −1.3, 95% CI −2.3 to −0.3) with the benefit persisting for the entire 12 week follow up period. This is not routinely done due to concern about systemic side effects.

There have been concerns of causing rapid progression of osteoarthritis and infection following arthroplasty.

• One study found an alarming odds ratio of 8.5 for rapidly destructive hip disease with a dose-response curve. The overall rate was 5.4%, and occurred on average 5 months following injection. Rapidly destructive hip disease is characterised by rapidly progressive joint-space narrowing, osteolysis, and collapse of the femoral head.
• One retrospective study of patients who had total hip arthroplasty found an alarming deep infection rate of 10% in 40 patients who had a previous steroid injection compared to no infections in 40 matched controls. The overall revision rate was also much higher at 12.5% vs 1.02%. The study was underpowered for looking at the time interval between injection and surgery.

PRP: The evidence does not support the use of platelet-rich plasma injections. In recalcitrant disease with the next step being surgery, the author will offer PRP injections into both the hip joint and gluteal tendons, but appreciating that the evidence is poor.

Hyaluronic acid: Intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections are no more effective than placebo. The cost of one vial of hyaluronic acid in New Zealand is around $500, and so this treatment has extremely poor cost-effectiveness.

Saline: Saline appears to be as effective as other options. One systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated saline, glucocorticoids, hyaluronic acid, and PRP, and found that all (except HA+PRP) led to a clinically important improvement in pain.

Surgery

Total hip joint replacement is usually effective for reducing pain. However 10% of patients have chronic postsurgical pain, and preoperative central sensitisation has been thought to be a risk factor for this.Aseptic loosening accounts for about half of revisions. This presents as thigh or groin pain, and can be diagnosed on plain films.

The lifetime risk of undergoing a total hip replacement continues to grow. In the UK between 1991 and 2006 the lifetime risk rose from 4% to 11%. It is surprising that despite the lack of placebo controlled trials, we spent an increasing amount of money on this procedure.

Longevity of impacts are typically good. Revision rates are 0.5% per year for the first 20 years. There are slight increases of revision rates in younger more active patients. At 15 years over 90% of patients are pain-free. Almost 60% of hip replacements last 25 years.

Abnormal joint morphology may be the most important risk factor for development of OA. Surgical alteration of joint shape is sometimes used early in the disease course of FAI, as it appears that this confers a greater benefit than waiting until the development until advanced OA. It is not known whether asymptomatic but radiologically severe FAI should have surgical intervention. At the point of the development of osteoarthritis, there may not be any benefit in head morphology alteration surgery, and if surgery is required these patients are generally offered hip arthroplasty.

Hip resurfacing procedures have a high rate of revision surgery compared to total hip arthroplasty. This procedure is probably only suitable in very carefully selected patients. Good prognostic factors are being young, active, male, having primary OA, and a sufficiently large femoral head size.

Prognosis

A minority have clear cut clinical and radiological recovery, especially with marked osteophytosis and concentric disease. Superolateral migration of the femoral head is correlated with more rapid osteoarthritis progression, also with atrophic bone response

Resources

• Dieppe PA is a good author to read

Hip Osteoarthritis - JAMA Rational Clinical Examination 2019 - 1.65 MB (f)

Summary

• The diagnosis of hip osteoarthritis is usually straightforward but examination findings are more useful than historical features for diagnosis.[Level 2]
• In cases where there is a diagnostic dilemma, a positive response (>70% relief of pain) to an intra-articular local anaesthetic hip joint injection supports the diagnosis and response to total hip arthroplasty.[Level 2]
• Saline, corticosteroid, PRP, and hyaluronic acid all seem to be equally effective for obtaining a moderate reduction in pain for up to 8 weeks. Steroid injections should be avoided if total hip arthroplasty is being considered.[Level 2]
• Total hip arthroplasty is an effective treatment for those with severe symptoms and inadequate response to non-surgical treatments.[Level 3]

Literature Review

Literature Review

Reviews from the last 7 years: review articles, free review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, NCBI Bookshelf

Articles from all years: PubMed search, Google Scholar search.

TRIP Database: clinical publications about evidence-based medicine.

Other Wikis: Radiopaedia, Wikipedia Search, Wikipedia I Feel Lucky, Orthobullets,