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Lidocaine: Difference between revisions

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|other names=Lignocaine, Xylocaine
|other names=Lignocaine, Xylocaine
|dose=
|dose=
|formulations=1% (10mg/mL), 2% (20mg/mL)
|maxdose=4.5 mg/kg with plain lidocaine<br>7 mg/kg with adrenaline<br><small>Note max dose varies between use cases, e.g. intercostal block safe dose is 10 times less.{{#pmid:24660158|golzari}}</small>
|maxdose=4.5 mg/kg with plain lidocaine<br>7 mg/kg with adrenaline<br><small>Note max dose varies between use cases, e.g. intercostal block safe dose is 10 times less.{{#pmid:24660158|golzari}}</small>
|onset=Infiltration and minor nerve: 1-2 mins.<br>Intra-articular: 5-10 mins<br>Major nerve blocks:15-30 mins<ref name="medsafe">https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/l/lidocaineclarisinj.pdf</ref>
|onset=Infiltration and minor nerve: 1-2 mins.<br>Intra-articular: 5-10 mins<br>Major nerve blocks:15-30 mins<ref name="medsafe">https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/l/lidocaineclarisinj.pdf</ref>
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Lidocaine was the first clinically used amide local anesthetic in 1948. It is widely used because of its potency; rapid onset; tissue penetration; and effectiveness in infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and both epidural and spinal blocks. In peripheral nerve blockage 1-1.5% is sufficient to produce a motor blockade, while for epidural and spinal blocks higher strengths are used.
Lidocaine was the first clinically used amide local anesthetic in 1948. It is widely used because of its potency; rapid onset; tissue penetration; and effectiveness in infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and both epidural and spinal blocks. In peripheral nerve blockage 1-1.5% is sufficient to produce a motor blockade, while for epidural and spinal blocks higher strengths are used.


==Chemical Structure==
==Pharmacology==
{{Main|Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology}}
===Chemical Structure===
[[File:1920px-Lidocaine.png|400px]]
[[File:1920px-Lidocaine.png|400px]]
==Buffered Lidocaine==
{{Main|Buffered Local Anaesthetic}}


==Formulations==
==Formulations==
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Cardiovascular effects with hypotension and bradycardia can occur as a result of a relative overdose with neuraxial blockage or nerve blocks nerve the CNS. Unintentional intravascular injection produces severe cardiotoxic reactions which include hypotension, atrioventicular heart block, idioventricular rhythms, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Even premonitory signs can progress to cardiotoxicity and so any reaction should be treated promptly.<ref>{{#pmid:29494086}}</ref>
Cardiovascular effects with hypotension and bradycardia can occur as a result of a relative overdose with neuraxial blockage or nerve blocks nerve the CNS. Unintentional intravascular injection produces severe cardiotoxic reactions which include hypotension, atrioventicular heart block, idioventricular rhythms, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Even premonitory signs can progress to cardiotoxicity and so any reaction should be treated promptly.<ref>{{#pmid:29494086}}</ref>
==Maximum Dose==
The maximum safe dose for '''subcutaneous infiltration''' typically quoted as:
*Lidocaine WITHOUT adrenaline (also called plain lidocaine) ā€“ 4 mg/kg (0.4 mL/kg of lidocaine 1 percent, maximum total dose: 300 mg [30 mL of lidocaine 1 percent])
*Lidocaine WITH adrenaline ā€“ 7 mg/kg (0.7 mL/kg of lidocaine 1 percent, maximum total dose: 500 mg [50 mL of lidocaine 1 percent with epinephrine]).
Special considerations
*In children under 8 years old, 80 percent of the maximum allowable dose should not be exceeded.
*In elderly with severe liver or kidney disease, the total dose should be reduced by around 50%
*The evidence for maximum dosing is actually quite poor, and highly variable dependent on the type of procedure. For example in intercostal nerve blocks the safe dose is 10 times less.<ref>{{#pmid:15635516}}</ref>


==See Also==
==See Also==

Revision as of 17:16, 5 May 2021

This article is a stub.
Lidocaine
1920px-Lidocaine.png
Other names Lignocaine, Xylocaine
Formulations 1% (10mg/mL), 2% (20mg/mL)
Drug class Amino amide local anaesthetic
Maximum dose 4.5 mg/kg with plain lidocaine
7 mg/kg with adrenaline
Note max dose varies between use cases, e.g. intercostal block safe dose is 10 times less.[1]
Onset of action Infiltration and minor nerve: 1-2 mins.
Intra-articular: 5-10 mins
Major nerve blocks:15-30 mins[2]
Duration of action Infiltration and minor nerve: 1.5 - 2 hours
Intra-articular: 30-60 mins post washout
Major nerve blocks: 1.5 - 3 hours
Duration longer with adrenaline.[2]
Chemical structure 2ā€(diethylamino)ā€Nā€(2,6ā€ dimethylphenyl) acetamide hydrochloride monohydrate


Lidocaine was the first clinically used amide local anesthetic in 1948. It is widely used because of its potency; rapid onset; tissue penetration; and effectiveness in infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and both epidural and spinal blocks. In peripheral nerve blockage 1-1.5% is sufficient to produce a motor blockade, while for epidural and spinal blocks higher strengths are used.

Pharmacology

Main article: Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology

Chemical Structure

1920px-Lidocaine.png

Buffered Lidocaine

Main article: Buffered Local Anaesthetic


Formulations

Lidocaine Cream

Lidocaine cream is not readily available in New Zealand and is not subsidised. It has to be ordered over the internet.

  • Haim International for 10.56% lidocaine cream, apply twice daily
  • 4% Lidocaine patches can be purchased from ebay, brand name is Salonpas. They last for 8 hours.

Toxicity

Main article: Local Anaesthetic Toxicity

The central nervous system is where the premonitory signs of toxicity occur, and it is a graded response. Early symptoms include circumoral numbness, tongue paraesthesia, and dizziness. Patients may complain of sensory disturbance such as tinnitus and blurred vision. There may be excitatory signs, such as restlessness, agitation, nervousness, or paranoia. These may progress to muscle twitching and seizures. With severe toxicity, CNS depression can occur with coma.

Cardiovascular effects with hypotension and bradycardia can occur as a result of a relative overdose with neuraxial blockage or nerve blocks nerve the CNS. Unintentional intravascular injection produces severe cardiotoxic reactions which include hypotension, atrioventicular heart block, idioventricular rhythms, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. Even premonitory signs can progress to cardiotoxicity and so any reaction should be treated promptly.[3]

Maximum Dose

The maximum safe dose for subcutaneous infiltration typically quoted as:

  • Lidocaine WITHOUT adrenaline (also called plain lidocaine) ā€“ 4 mg/kg (0.4 mL/kg of lidocaine 1 percent, maximum total dose: 300 mg [30 mL of lidocaine 1 percent])
  • Lidocaine WITH adrenaline ā€“ 7 mg/kg (0.7 mL/kg of lidocaine 1 percent, maximum total dose: 500 mg [50 mL of lidocaine 1 percent with epinephrine]).

Special considerations

  • In children under 8 years old, 80 percent of the maximum allowable dose should not be exceeded.
  • In elderly with severe liver or kidney disease, the total dose should be reduced by around 50%
  • The evidence for maximum dosing is actually quite poor, and highly variable dependent on the type of procedure. For example in intercostal nerve blocks the safe dose is 10 times less.[4]

See Also

Buffered Local Anaesthetic

References

  1. ā†‘ Golzari et al.. Lidocaine and pain management in the emergency department: a review article. Anesthesiology and pain medicine 2014. 4:e15444. PMID: 24660158. DOI. Full Text.
  2. ā†‘ 2.0 2.1 https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/Datasheet/l/lidocaineclarisinj.pdf
  3. ā†‘ Torp et al.. Lidocaine Toxicity. 2021. . PMID: 29494086.
  4. ā†‘ Rosenberg et al.. Maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics: a multifactorial concept. Regional anesthesia and pain medicine 2004. 29:564-75; discussion 524. PMID: 15635516. DOI.

Literature Review

Library.pngLiterature Review


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