View source for Lisfranc Injury

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An injury to the [[Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Joints|tarsometatarsal joint]] is known by the eponym “Lisfranc injury.” Lisfranc injuries include sprains of the midfoot ligaments, fractures, or a combination. They are rare injuries and notoriously difficult to diagnose. Low-energy Lisfranc injuries in athletes are frequently subtle and can lead to disastrous long-term outcomes especially when diagnosis is delayed with an increased risk of osteoarthritis, chronic pain and functional impairment<ref>Curtis, M. J., Myerson, M. & Szura, B. Tarsometatarsal joint injuries in the athlete. Am. J. Sports Med. 21, 497–502 (1993).</ref><ref>Seybold, J. D. & Coetzee, J. C. Lisfranc Injuries: When to Observe, Fix, or Fuse. Clin. Sports Med. 34, 705–723 (2015).</ref>. 

==Case Report==
[[File:lisfranc xray.PNG|thumb|right|400px|FIGURE 1. <br/>A, Initial non-weightbearing anteroposterior (AP) x-ray of the affected foot showing 2mm of diastases between the base of the 1st and 2nd metatarsals and discongruity of the contour along the 2nd metatarsal and medial aspect of the intermediate cuneiform. <br/>B, weight-bearing view of the affected foot 10 weeks after injury showing 2.8mm of diastasis. <br/>C, weight-bearing view of the non-affected foot 10 weeks after injury showing 1mm of diastasis. Lateral and oblique views were normal.]]

[[File:mri lisfranc.PNG|thumb|right|400px|FIGURE 2. <br/>
A, MRI 10 weeks post injury showing a 3mm undisplaced avulsion fracture of the base of the second metatarsal. <br/>
B, Partial tear of the Lisfranc ligament. There is also bone oedema around the first and second tarsometatarsal joints. <br/>
C, Small dorsal fracture of the proximal intermediate cuneiform.]]This case report describes a typical low-energy grade 2 (Nunley and Vertullo grading) injury to the TMT joint complex in a 39-year-old runner where the diagnosis was initially missed leading to delayed treatment. There were several important lessons to be gained when assessing the tarsometatarsal joint complex such as obtaining comparison weight-bearing views and having a low threshold to proceed to advanced imaging.

===History===
A 39-year-old normally fit and well casual runner presented with right foot pain during a 100m sprint event at his child’s school athletic day. The ground was hard and slightly uneven, and he ran as fast as he could. Near the end of the race, as he stepped off his right midfoot, he felt his foot twist slightly and felt a painful pop. He was able to weight-bear for the first two hours before the pain and swelling became too severe. He was assessed at an urgent care centre the following morning. 

===Examination===
He was unable to weight-bear.  There was a significantly tender 2cm wide and 1cm long fixed firm swelling overlying his medial dorsal midfoot. There was also tenderness over the entire midfoot and 1st and 2nd metatarsal bases, as well as pain with the axial compression of the metatarsals. There was no bruising dorsally nor on the sole of his foot. There was normal passive ankle range of motion, but there was restriction actively. There was normal inversion and eversion. His foot was neurovascularly intact.

===Investigations===
Initial non-weight bearing non-comparison x-rays (figure 2, A) showed a borderline displacement of 2mm between the first and second metatarsals, and subtle malalignment along the contour of the second metatarsal and medial side of the medial cuneiform. However, the images were reported by the radiologist to be normal. 

The initial treating doctor placed him in a rigid boot and he was instructed to be non-weight bearing, with follow up planned a week later. On follow up he had improved significantly, and a midfoot sprain was thought to be more likely. He was instructed to walk freely out of the boot and was discharged with no further follow up.

10 weeks later, due to ongoing pain he was further reviewed at a sports clinic. His foot remained swollen. His foot posture was slightly cavus. He could not plantarflex while standing. He had laxity of his Lisfranc joint, with increased plantar dorsal grade movement of the first ray. He was tender over the base of the second metatarsal and over the Lisfranc ligament and had pain with midfoot stress.

A repeat x-ray (Figure 1, B and C), this time weightbearing with comparison views clearlyshowed diastasis of the Lisfranc ligament. MRI (Figure 2) confirmed injury with a partial tear involving both the interosseous and plantar aspects of the Lisfranc ligament, a sprain of the dorsal ligament and an undisplaced avulsion fracture at the plantar corner of the second metatarsal base. A small healed proximal intermediate cuneiform cortical fracture was also identified.

===Differential Diagnosis===
Other than Lisfranc injury, before imaging the differential diagnosis in this case included midtarsal joint sprain and stress fracture of the navicular and cuneiform. A tendinopathy seemed less likely due to the sudden onset of pain, but common tendinopathies of the midfoot are extensor and tibialis posterior tendinopathies. See [[Foot Pain Differential Diagnoses]]

The injury was assessed as grade 2 by Nunley and Vertullo grading<ref>Nunley, J. A. & Vertullo, C. J. Classification, investigation, and management of midfoot sprains: Lisfranc injuries in the athlete. Am. J. Sports Med. 30, 871–878 (2002).</ref>

===Treatment Plan===
Due to the injury being missed he initially had no treatment. 10 weeks after injury when the correct diagnosis was made he was treated non-operatively with eight weeks in a rigid walking boot and custom moulded orthotic. On review two weeks after being out of the boot, but still using the orthotic he could walk pain-free but had intermittent paraesthesia over his midfoot, presumably due to injury of the deep peroneal nerves. He was gradually increasing his activities and was counselled about the risk of osteoarthritis.

==Discussion==

The tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint complex is comprised of the five metatarsals, the three cuneiforms and the cuboid (figure 3, A). The Lisfranc ligament has an integral role in providing midfoot stability. It attaches from the medial cuneiform to the base of the 2nd metatarsal with its three segments outlined in Figure 3, B4. 

[[File:lisfranc joint.png|thumb|right|500px|Figure 3. <br/>A, dorsal view of the bones of the foot, with the shaded area showing the relationship between the metatarsals and the tarsal bones forming the TMT joint complex. The 1st to 3rd metatarsals are associated with the respective three cuneiforms, while the 4th and 5th metatarsals articulate with the cuboid. 
<br/>B, Cross section showing the Lisfranc ligament in relation to the medial cuneiform, 2nd metatarsal and 3rd metatarsal. The Lisfranc ligament consists of three distinct ligaments: the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and plantar ligament, with increasing respective strength <ref name="solan">Solan, M. C., Moorman, C. T., Miyamoto, R. G., Jasper, L. E. & Belkoff, S. M. Ligamentous restraints of the second tarsometatarsal joint: a biomechanical evaluation. Foot Ankle Int. 22, 637–641 (2001).</ref>.<br/>Image modified from an image by OpenStax College, distributed under a CC 2.0 license. Right image modified from an image by Mikael Haggstrom, distributed under a CC 2.0 License]]

When examining the injured midfoot, first note the ability to weight bear, then inspect for any midfoot swelling and plantar bruising. Next palpate the navicular, medial and intermediate cuneiforms, the bases of the five metatarsals and the area over the Lisfranc ligament between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal bases. Stability of the TMT joint complex is assessed through passive pronation and supination of the forefoot, looking for laxity and pain at the area of the Lisfranc ligament. The medial column can be stressed by passively dorsiflexing and abducting the forefoot<ref>Lattermann, C., Goldstein, J. L., Wukich, D. K., Lee, S. & Bach, B. R. Practical management of Lisfranc injuries in athletes. Clin. J. Sport Med. Off. J. Can. Acad. Sport Med. 17, 311–315 (2007)</ref>.

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint complex are divided into high and low energy injuries. High-energy injuries are often the result of a motor vehicle crash and result in obvious fractures and dislocations of the TMT joints. Low energy injuries are normally seen in athletes and have been described to occur in two scenarios: plantarflexion injuries and abduction injuries<ref name="solan"></ref>. In the former, there is an axial compression force during plantarflexion, typically when a player steps or falls on the affected player’s heel. In abduction injuries the hindfoot is fixed and sudden abduction of the forefoot occurs. Rarely it can occur from simple running such as in this case<ref name="lisfrancuptodate">Tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joint complex injuries - UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tarsometatarsal-lisfranc-joint-complex-injuries. (Accessed: 13th May 2018)</ref>.

There is a wide spectrum of injuries described affecting the Lisfranc joint, ranging from partial sprain with no displacement to a ruptured Lisfranc ligament with a wide diastasis. Nunley and Vertullo outlined a useful classification for subtle Lisfranc injuries. The classification uses the appearance on weightbearing x-ray and bone scan. Stage I injuries signifies a sprain with the distance between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals being normal, yet there is pain at the region of the Lisfranc ligament and a positive bone scan. Stage II injuries have a diastasis between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal of between 1 and 5mm on a weightbearing AP x-ray. Stage III injuries have a diastasis of greater than 5mm, and loss of arch height of the midfoot on lateral weight-bearing x-ray. Debate continues as to the best management for TMT injuries with there being no prospective randomised trials<ref name="lisfrancuptodate"></ref>.

This case demonstrates several important lessons with regards to Lisfranc injuries. Low-energy Lisfranc injuries are notoriously difficult to diagnose<ref name="solan"></ref>. Delayed or inadequate treatment of such injuries frequently result in osteoarthritis, chronic pain and dysfunction1. X-rays are often normal or have very subtle findings leading to notoriously frequent misdiagnosis. Comparison weight-bearing views are critical, but this is not often possible soon after injury due to pain<ref name="raikin">Raikin, S. M. et al. Prediction of midfoot instability in the subtle Lisfranc injury. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with intraoperative findings. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 91, 892–899 (2009).</ref>; this can be done after a few days of rest or by utilising local anaesthesia<ref name="solan"></ref>. X-ray findings are outlined in Table 1. The clinicians index of suspicion should be high and there should be a low threshold for CT, MRI, bone scan or manual stress radiographs under anaesthesia<ref name="solan"></ref>. MRI was performed in this case, and limited data show it has good correlation to operative findings<ref name="raikin"></ref>.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! X-ray View !! X-ray finding
|-
| AP || <ul><li>Discongruity along the contour of the medial base of the 2nd metatarsal and the medial aspect of the middle cuneiform</li><li>Diastasis of greater than 2mm between the base of the 1st and 2nd metatarsal, or greater than 1mm difference compared to the unaffected foot.</li><li>Avulsion fracture of the Lisfranc ligament (fleck sign, seen at the medial base of the 2nd metatarsal or the distal lateral corner of the middle cuneiform)</li></ul>
|-
| Oblique	|| Discongruity along the contour of the medial base of the fourth and the medial aspect of the cuboid.
|-
| Lateral	 || Dorsal subluxation of the base of the metatarsals
|}

The initial x-rays showed very subtle signs of Lisfranc injury which were missed. The findings were displacement between the first and second metatarsals of 2mm, and subtle discongruity of the second metatarsal and medial cuneiform line. Follow-up weight bearing x-rays with comparison views were clearly abnormal with a displacement of 2.8mm compared to 1mm of the non-affected foot. His foot posture was slightly cavus, which may be a risk factor for Lisfranc injuries<ref>Podolnick, J. D., Donovan, D. S., DeBellis, N. & Pino, A. Is Pes Cavus Alignment Associated With Lisfranc Injuries of the Foot? Clin. Orthop. 475, 1463–1469 (2017).</ref>.

Ultrasound can also be used to asses for lisfranc injury. Firstly identify the 1st and 2nd metatarsals in short axis. Scan proximally until you fall off the shorter first metatarsal and onto the medial cuneiform. At this point you can see the dorsal lisfranc ligament which can then be assessment for ligamentous integrity and joint space widening.<ref>https://twitter.com/MSK_Australia/status/1466283586252800005</ref>

==References==

[[Category:Foot and Ankle Conditions]]
<references />
[[Category:Fractures]]