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Ultrasound transducer over TMC joint. Needle is positioned on the volar side of the transducer at the midpoint of the transducer’s long axis. Path of entry

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Glycosaminoglycans From Sodhi H, Panitch A. Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering: A Review. Biomolecules. 2020 Dec 29;11(1):29. doi: 10.3390/biom11010029

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Elevated arm stress test (EAST) (Image from Virtaj Singh, MD) This file is copyrighted, and is reproduced in a limited way under the fair-use doctrine

AIN function normal left abnormal right From https://orthopaedia.com/page/Ulnar-and-Radial-Shaft-Fractures This work is licensed under the Creative Commons

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Chan B, Adam DN. A Review of Fabry Disease. Skin Therapy Lett. 2018 Mar;23(2):4-6. PMID: 29562089. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution

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English: Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. This work is licensed under a

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From Illig, Karl A. Surgical Techniques:Pectoralis Minor Tenotomy for NTOS In: Thoracic outlet syndrome. London New York: Springer, 2013. This file is

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Figure 2: Physeal anatomy showing the four zones. (Case courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, Radiopaedia.org. From the case https://radiopaedia.org/cases/27354)

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From Uçar et al<ref>Uçar et al.. Retrospective cohort study of the prevalence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra in a wide and well-represented population

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The femoral head is less stable within the shallow acetabulum (image on left), causing the distribution of shear

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A clavicle fracture fixed with a plate. (from https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-15-380) This work is licensed

From Baxter DE, Thigpen CM. Heel pain--operative results. Foot Ankle. 1984 Jul-Aug;5(1):16-25. doi: 10.1177/107110078400500103. PMID: 6479759. This file

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Schematic of ulnar variance: neural (left); positive (center) and negative (right). From https://orthopaedia.com/page/TFCC-injury This work is licensed

Figure 1: Drawing from Gray's Anatomy, showing the normal TFCC in situ: the triangular fibrocartilage disc is shown in red; the ulnocarpal ligament complex

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Volar view of the hand showing a cord. Grazina, Rita et al. “Dupuytren's disease: where do we stand?.” EFORT open reviews vol. 4,2 63-69. 20 Feb. 2019

The role of substance P in neurogenic inflammation. Sacerdote P, Levrini L. Peripheral mechanisms of dental pain: the role of substance P. Mediators Inflamm

Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org. From the case rID: 9330 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonC

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Tendon sheath. Copyright from Erickson SJ. High-resolution imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Radiology. 1997 Dec;205(3):593-618. doi: 10.1148/radiology

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AP pelvis showing "whiskering" enthesopathy of the iliac crests (red arrows), ischial tuberosities (yellow), trochanters (black), and iliolumbar ligament

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Ultrasound guided injection point for total dorsal ramus block. From Kimura et al. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial

Michael T Cibulka, Determination and Significance of Femoral Neck Anteversion, Physical Therapy, Volume 84, Issue 6, 1 June 2004, Pages 550–558, https://doi

Case courtesy of Craig Hacking, Radiopaedia.org. From the casehttps://radiopaedia.org/cases/37612?lang=us This work is licensed under a Creative Commons

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Nordin, Margareta, and Victor H. Frankel. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Here the patient is unable to extend the right hip and press the heel into the bed on direct testing. The normal left leg is flexed off the bed against

From Illig, Karl A. Thoracic outlet syndrome. London New York: Springer, 2013. This file is copyrighted, and is reproduced in a limited way under the fair-use

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A mid-shaft clavicle fracture (Case courtesy of A. Prof Frank Gaillard, https://radiopaedia.org/ From the case https://radiopaedia.org/cases/18050) This

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Figure 3: The Salter-Harris classification system for physeal fractures. (Case courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, Radiopaedia.org. From the case https://radiopaedia

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Flexor tendons inserting on the middle and distal phalanges. The FDS is in red, the FDP in yellow. From https://orthopaedia.com/page/Flexor-tendon-injury

Mallet finger. A patient with a mallet finger cannot extend the DIP joint. From https://orthopaedia.com/page/Mallet-finger-and-other-finger-extensor-injuries

Aspiration of olecranon bursitis. Note that the needle is inserted tangential to the joint to avoid penetration of the intra-articular space. From https://orthopaedia

From https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309876042_b-Aminopropionitrile-Induced_Reduction_in_Enzymatic_Crosslinking_Causes_In_Vitro_Changes_in_Co

Arrangement of fibres in the annulus fibrosis From https://spine.imedpub.com/failure-criteria-for-prediction-of-clinicallyrelevant-damage-of-annulus-fibrosus

From Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. Br J Sports

A simplified pathway to account for referred pain Copyrighted. From Biology of Sensory Systems by Christopher Smith. 2nd edition 2009 This file is copyrighted

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Weiler PJ, King GJ, Gertzbein SD. Analysis of sagittal plane instability of the lumbar spine in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990 Dec;15(12):1300-6. doi:

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With repetitive stimulation, pain threshold decreases and the slope of the curve increases thereby unmasking hyperpathia This work is licensed under the

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An x-ray of the finger showing a boutonnière deformity: flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joint (red) and hyperextension at the distal interphalangeal

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Cook JL, Rio E, Purdam CR, et alRevisiting the continuum model of tendon pathology: what is its merit in clinical practice and research?British Journal

Krähenbühl, Nicola et al. “The subtalar joint: A complex mechanism.” EFORT open reviews vol. 2,7 309-316. 6 Jul. 2017, doi:10.1302/2058-5241.2.160050 This

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Prostanoid biosynthesis pathway Goetz Moro, Marcella et al. Cyclooxygenase biology in renal function - literature review. Rev. colom. nefrol. 2017, vol

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Iliac fossa dissection modified from an image from Bodies, The Exhibition (Image courtesy of Andrea Trescot, MD) Trescot, Andrea. Peripheral nerve entrapments :

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CT of the cervical spine in a sagittal view. Osteophytes of the ventral cervical spine segments C3–C5 protrude towards the oesophageal lumen. From Proescholdt

CT of the left ankle in a coronary plane. Ossification is present in the deltoid ligament. The tibiotalar and talocalcaneal joints show Kellgren grade

CT of the right shoulder in a coronary plane. Hyperostosis is present at the medial side of the humeral head, as well as at the humeral insertion of the

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Tan DMK, Lim JX. Treatment of Carpal Instability and Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability. Clin Plast Surg. 2019 Jul;46(3):451-468. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2019

Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Craig Hacking, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/?lang=gb">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/47155

Source:Tan S, Faull RLM, Curtis MA. The tracts, cytoarchitecture, and neurochemistry of the spinal cord. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2023 Apr;306(4):777-819. doi:

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Lee SA, Kim BH, Kim SJ, Kim JN, Park SY, Choi K. Current status of ultrasonography of the finger. Ultrasonography. 2016 Apr;35(2):110-23. doi: 10.14366/usg

A. Mallet finger is a tear of the extensor tendon at the insertion of the terminal tendon into the distal phalangeal base. B. The tendon may pull off a

Schematic images of Boutonnière deformity. Boutonnière deformity is an injury involving the central slip of the extensor tendon over the proximal interphalangeal

Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/?lang=gb">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia

Upper limb tension test (ULTT) (Image from Virtaj Singh, MD) This file is copyrighted, and is reproduced in a limited way under the fair-use doctrine.

Bianchi S, Bortolotto C, Draghi F. Os peroneum imaging: normal appearance and pathological findings. Insights Imaging. 2017 Feb;8(1):59-68. doi: 10.10

Figure 4: Shortening of the clavicle can be assessed by either of the following methods. On the left, the overlap between the ends of the medial and lateral

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From Bauones, S., Feger, J. Baxter neuropathy. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 15 Apr 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-25994 This work

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From Nir D, Hefer T, Joachims HZ. Hyoid bone syndrome and its treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Otolaryngol. 1998 Sep-Oct;19(5):296-300

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Figure 1: Bone segments of the femur. As the figure makes clear, in a long bone there is only one diaphysis, but there can be physes and associated regions

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From Choi I, Jeon SR. Neuralgias of the Head: Occipital Neuralgia. J Korean Med Sci. 2016 Apr;31(4):479-88. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.4.479. Epub 2016

From Tiegs-Heiden CA, Murthy NS, Glazebrook KN, Skinner JA. Subfascial fat herniation: sonographic features of back mice. Skeletal Radiol. 2018 Jan;47(1):137-140

From Kushchayev SV, Glushko T, Jarraya M, Schuleri KH, Preul MC, Brooks ML, Teytelboym OM. ABCs of the degenerative spine. Insights Imaging. 2018 Apr;9(2):253-274

right supraspinatus calcific tendinopathy This is a wikiMSK authored work and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Trendelenburg test. From a (a) standing position, (b) the patient is asked to stand on the affected leg and lift the contralateral foot off the ground

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Schematic, cross-sectional diagram of healthy articular cartilage: cellular organization in the zones of articular cartilage Eschweiler J, Horn N, Rath

The proteoglycan aggregate is depicted as a central hyaluronan (HA) filament with aggrecan and link proteins (LP) attached to it. The domains of the aggrecan

Facet joint structure and blowup of cartilage with different layers Copyright © 2011 by ASME Jaumard, Nicolas V et al. “Spinal facet joint biomechanics

Structure of the enthesis. (A) Enthesis cryocut section of a porcine Achilles tendon was stained for cells using SYTO R 13. Cells are depicted cyan (scale

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Cellular location of costameres in striated muscle. Shown in A is a schematic diagram illustrating costameres as circumferential elements that physically

From Sensini A, Cristofolini L. Biofabrication of Electrospun Scaffolds for the Regeneration of Tendons and Ligaments. Materials (Basel). 2018 Oct 12;11(10):1963

Histological differences between normal and tendinosis tendon. The normal tendon shows organised collagen fibres and a sparse amount of tendon cells, tightly

Copyright 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Bogduk N, Mercer S. Biomechanics of the cervical spine. I: Normal kinematics. Clin Biomech (Bristol

Mechanism of COX‐2 selective NSAIDs‐induced thrombosis. Oliviu Vostinaru (August 23rd 2017). Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions of the Non‐Steroidal

Powellle, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike

Needle position for the ganglion impar block/PRF: lateral view with contrast dye indicating the location of the impar ganglion. Courtesy of Sir et al This

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Modified from BodyParts3D This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Relationship of the acetabular labrum and capsule. A: Articular cartilage; B: Acetabulum; C: Capsule; L: Labrum; TM: Tide mark. From Su et al This work

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Innervation of perineum: ( A ) genitofemoral nerve, ( B ) obturator nerve, ( C ) inferior cluneal nerve, ( D ) perineal branch of the posterior femoral

Reproduced with permission from Trescot, Andrea. Peripheral nerve entrapments : clinical diagnosis and management. Switzerland: Springer, 2016. This file

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Case courtesy of Dr Matt Skalski, <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/">Radiopaedia.org</a>. From the case <a href="https://radiopaedia.org/cases/82144">rID:

Thoracic DISH in a 63 year old woman with low back pain, but not thoracic pain. There is flowing linear calcification and ossification at the anterolateral

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Barde MP, Barde PJ. What to use to express the variability of data: Standard deviation or standard error of mean? Perspect Clin Res. 2012 Jul;3(3):113-6

Barde MP, Barde PJ. What to use to express the variability of data: Standard deviation or standard error of mean? Perspect Clin Res. 2012 Jul;3(3):113-6

From Dandachli W, Ul Islam S, Tippett R, Hall-Craggs MA, Witt JD. Analysis of acetabular version in the native hip: comparison between 2D axial CT and

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From Taterra D, Skinningsrud B, Pękala PA, Hsieh WC, Cirocchi R, Walocha JA, Tubbs RS, Tomaszewski KA, Henry BM. Artery of Adamkiewicz: a meta-analysis

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Ascending and descending pathways that influence pain sensitivity. Siracusa R, Paola RD, Cuzzocrea S, Impellizzeri D. Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms

From Gouda P, Kay R, Habib M, Aziz A, Aziza E, Welsh R. Clinical features and complications of Loeys-Dietz syndrome: A systematic review. Int J Cardiol

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Nordin, Margareta, and Victor H. Frankel. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

A schematic presentation of the suhluxed costotrans�verse joint, indicated with an arrow. The normal position of the first rib is shown as the shaded area

From Hulens M, Rasschaert R, Bruyninckx F, Dankaerts W, Stalmans I, De Mulder P, Vansant G. Symptomatic Tarlov cysts are often overlooked: ten reasons

Pattern of pain from thoracic outlet syndrome. With permission from Andrea Trescot, MD. This file is copyrighted, and is reproduced in a limited way under

From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trigger_Point_Complex.jpg This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

From de Vos RJ, van der Vlist AC, Zwerver J, Meuffels DE, Smithuis F, van Ingen R, van der Giesen F, Visser E, Balemans A, Pols M, Veen N, den Ouden M

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Post-traumatic left distal clavicle osteolysis in a women in her 40s. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

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From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walk_and_run_cycle.jpg This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Palacio EP, Rizzi NG, Reinas GS, Júnior MM, Júnior AD, Mizobuchi RR, Yanasse RH, da Silva MV, Branco RB, Galbiatti JA. OPEN DRAINAGE VERSUS PERCUTANEOUS

Palacio EP, Rizzi NG, Reinas GS, Júnior MM, Júnior AD, Mizobuchi RR, Yanasse RH, da Silva MV, Branco RB, Galbiatti JA. OPEN DRAINAGE VERSUS PERCUTANEOUS

From https://wikem.org/wiki/File:Plantar_Nerve_Distribution.jpg This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

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Testing the flexor digitorum superficialis [FDS]. The FDS to the middle finger is tested by holding the other 3 fingers in full extension, thereby immobilizing

Central slip injury. An injury to the central slip (sky blue) can cause the lateral bands (dark blue) to fall toward the volar side of the finger and make

Extensor mechanism of the finger. In the drawing on the left the common extensor tendon is shown in red. It attaches to the proximal phalanx via bands

Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Anterior aspect. This work is part of the public domain.

Vertical section through the articulations at the wrist, showing the synovial cavities This work is part of the public domain.

From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

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Figure 1. (a) Inclination of STJ in transverse plane and (b) inclination of STJ in sagittal plane. Kim, Byong H., and Sae Y. Lee 2021. "Validity and Reliability

From http://michaeldmann.net/mann12.html This file is copyrighted, and is reproduced in a limited way under the fair-use doctrine. It falls under the "Non-profit

Proteoglycan aggregates are depicted as being entrapped by collagen fibrils. In the relaxed state the aggregates swell as the anionic chondroitin sulfate

Components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Source. This figure is is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license

From https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/10-2-skeletal-muscle This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike

From https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/10-2-skeletal-muscle This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike

A: LTN palsy with lateral winging with forward flexion. B: SAN palsy with medial winging with abduction From Seror P, Lenglet T, Nguyen C, Ouaknine M,

The topography of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. The viscera above the diaphragm are innervated by T1-4, while the viscera below the diaphragm are

Mechanisms of NSAID‐induced gastrointestinal damage. Oliviu Vostinaru (August 23rd 2017). Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions of the Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory

From Knight et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Martin Knight., et al. “A Radiofrequency Treatment

The coccygeal angle of incidence is defined as the angle where the coccyx hits the seat while sitting. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons

Sagittal ultrasound image of the sacral hiatus and the sacrococcygeal junction This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

Diagram of a human female skeleton From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_skeleton_front_-_no_labels.svg This work is licensed under the Creative

The Iliolumbar ligaments seen on an axial T2 weighted MRI sequence extending from the transverse process of L5 to the posteromedial iliac crest. This is

Case courtesy of Dr Dai Roberts, From the case rID: 76776 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License

Case courtesy of Dr Andrew Dixon, " Radiopaedia.org. From the case rID: 39547 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

Case courtesy of Dr Dai Roberts, Radiopaedia.org. From the case rID: 75291 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

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Preferred injection site for popliteus injection This file is copyrighted, and is reproduced in a limited way under the fair-use doctrine. It falls under

From https://wikem.org/wiki/File:Ankle_anatomy_arthrocentesis.png This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

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Pincer impingement. Owing to acetabular over-coverage, the femoral neck abuts against the hip labrum, damaging the labrum and eventually the underlying

Confluent ossification of multiple contiguous vertebral bodies in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Case courtesy of Radswiki, Radiopaedia.org. From the case rID: 11967 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International

Open Stax This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Open Stax This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Open Stax This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

A and B: watson tests C:finger extension test Tan DMK, Lim JX. Treatment of Carpal Instability and Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability. Clin Plast Surg

Own work. Based off Bogduk. Clinical and Radiological Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Fifth Edition. 2012 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons

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Gwathmey KG. Sensory neuronopathies. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Jan;53(1):8-19. doi: 10.1002/mus.24943. Epub 2015 Nov 23. PMID: 26467754. This file is copyrighted

Intersection syndrome, proximal and distal sites. Own work modified from Complete Anatomy. This is a wikiMSK authored work and is licensed under the Creative