Ankle Examination

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Examination Structure

• Gait
• Look
• Feel
• Move
• Special tests
  • Syndesmosis
    • Squeeze test, external rotation
  • Lateral ligamentous complex
    • Anterior drawer, talar tilt
  • Achilles
    • Simmonds-Thompson test
  • Tarsal tunnel
• Hip and Knee Examinations

Palpation

Bone tenderness base 5th MT - κ 0.78 Bone tenderness tip of medial malleolus - κ 0.66 Bone tenderness posterior edge lateral malleolus – κ 0.75 Syndesmosis ligament palpation - sens 0.92, spec 0.29, LR+ 1.29, LR- 0.28

Movement

Normal ankle motion

Motion	Range
Ankle dorsiflexion	0 to 20°
Ankle plantarflexion	0 to 50°,
Inversion	0 to 35°
Eversion	0 to 15°

Also assess pronation and supination passively.

Special Tests

• Anterior drawer test – ATFL
• Talar tilt test – ATFL + CFL
• Syndesmotic squeeze or external rotation test – AITFL
• Thompson test – TA
• Triple compression test - tarsal tunnel

Test	Sensitivity	Specificity	+LR	-LR	Kappa
Anterior Drawer	0.33	0.73	+1.27	-0.90	-0.03
Talar Tilt	0.67	0.75	+2.7	-0.44	-
Syndesmotic Squeeze	0.3	0.93	+4.6	-0.75	0.5
External Rotation	0.2	0.85	+1.31	-0.94	0.75
Thomson Test	0.96	0.93	+13.5	-0.04	-
Triple Compression	0.86	1.0	inf	-0.99	-

Anterior Drawer

Talar Tilt

Triple Compression Test

This test aims to compress the posterior tibial nerve and its branches to provoke entrapment signs of Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome. The ankle is maximally plantarflexed, and inverted. Then pressure is applied over the posterior tibial nerve.

Videos

Posterior ankle examination

Paediatric Examination of the Foot and Ankle

A consensus approach to the MSK examination in children was developed by Foster et al in 2011. The underlined components are those that are additional to the adult examination. The italicised components are those that the doctor should be aware of but not necessarily competent in.

With the patient lying supine on couch:

• Look at dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot
• Feel the skin temperature
• Feel/palpate for peripheral pulses
• Squeeze the MTPJs
• Feel/palpate the mid-foot, ankle joint line and subtalar joint
• Assess movement (actively and passively) at the subtalar joint (inversion and eversion), the big toe (dorsi- and plantar flexion), the ankle joint (dorsi- and plantar flexion) and mid-tarsal joints (passive rotation)
• Look at the patient’s footwear
• Option – hypermobility, muscle power, entheses, capillaroscopy, thigh foot angle

With the patient standing:

• Look at the forefoot, mid-foot (foot arch) and the hindfoot
• Assess gait cycle (heel strike, stance, toe off), running and turning
• Assess muscle bulk (calves)