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arrangement is the trunk with definable anatomical segments. Each segments has a rib, ligaments, muscles, and skin (figure 3). The limbs are a lot more complicated

practice. Passive stability is provided by the facet joints and ligaments, with the facet joints being the major stabilising elements in flexion. The back

show lateral toe deviation through MTP joint instability or capsulitis, arthritis change in the adjacent joint, or even a stress fracture of a metatarsal

that it has been applied erroneously to any or all pain of spinal origin perceived in the lower limb. Furthermore, because nerve root compression has been

best treatment is unknown. The plicae are embryonic remnants of the normal joint compartment separations that fold inwards and are present in most knees.

affecting the ligamentum flavum, capsule of the facet joints, and other ligaments. The facet joints are then able to slip forward. This generally occurs

instability. If the coronoid process is also fractured, the humero-ulnar joint can be destabilized. Obtaining a true lateral radiograph is essential to

undertaken to determine whether the open injury communicates with the joint. If the joint has been violated the injury should be treated with urgent administration

Low Back Pain (97%) Internal disc disruption Facet joint pain Sacroiliac joint pain Sacroiliac ligament pain Torsion injuries Vertebral or sacral insufficiency

process is one of exclusion. The first step is evaluating whether the patient has neurological symptoms or signs. If they do then they should be assessed under