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of extensor muscles near origin [no formal studies done] , capsule tears [no formal studies] , synovitis, meniscoid entrapment [ joint has a fibrous meniscoid-

However tendon pathology is not passive, it has a metabolic rate 25 times higher than a normal tendon, but it has no stimulus to create structure, and so this

tasks of daily living. The challenge to the surgeon is to re-attach the muscle to the bone in a way that glides smoothly within the pulley system of the

NSAIDs that appears to be more effective than others. Muscle relaxants: Neither non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxants nor benzodiazepines have evidence to support

atypical because it is wide and short, has two costal grooves, and one articular facet. The second rib is thin, long, and has a tuberosity on its superior surface

trochanter has four facets (anterior, lateral, posterior, and superoposteiror) with three tendon insertions. Gluteus medius is the most important muscle in gluteal

synovitis a short course of steroids may be appropriate. The muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine has also been studied, but this is not available in New Zealand

Finger Anatomy The phalanges form the fingers and thumb of the hand. The thumb has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal) and the other digits have 3 (proximal, middle

segment is the inter-muscle aponeurosis. It is formed from an aponeurosis which extends distally between the thenar and hypothenar muscles Base: carpal sulcus

the pisiform, all of the wrist muscle tendons traverse the carpal bones to insert on the metacarpals. There are two muscle systems of the hand: extrinsic

though, they can be deforming. Important insertions include: The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor insertion on the greater tuberosity. These assist

region of the bone, spanning from a point distal to the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle and proximal to the supracondylar ridge. The proximal portion

contractile unit of the muscle. Myofibres form muscle fascicles, which are in turn surrounded by perimysium. Muscle fascicles form the whole muscle belly. Cellularly

Below sternoclavicular joint Scalene insertion Motion testing active breathing Motion testing passive springing Muscles Short extensors of the neck Scalenes

Reduce compression (excessive hip flexion) and energy storage loads until pain has settled. Aim for a pain score of 0-3 with mild activity that settles within

plate at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. It develops earlier in girls (6) than boys (8). It is present for around 3-4 years in total. It has increased

formed by the junction between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus. It has evolved for stability rather than mobility. Causes are post-traumatic (78%)

an abnormal sensory experience, either unpleasant or evoked). Some view it has a type of hyperaesthesia, or even equate the two terms. There is both an elevation

infection rates in the surgically treated patients. It has been shown that surgical fixation has optimal results in young, female patients who are not receiving

and/or an incarcerated fragment. Treatment of medial epicondyle fractures has traditionally been non-operative in a long arm cast. Absolute indications