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internal disc disruption), zygapophysial joint pain, and sacroiliac joint pain (either the joint or ligaments). If a red flag is detected then this becomes

aberrant joint mechanics. Joint Injury and Labral Tears Joint injury is well-established as a risk factor for OA development in other joints, such as ACL

tibiotalar joint, also known as the ankle joint or talocrural joint, is formed by the junction between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus. It has evolved

anomalous articulation and/or the contralateral facet joint. Potentially relevant is that the iliolumbar ligaments above an LSTV are thinner and weaker at the level

first operation Zygoapophyseal joint The prevalence of facet joint pain in postsurgical patients with chronic low back pain has been shown to be 16%. This

within the joints in mobile coccyges. Coccygeal disorders: fracture or dislocation, sacrococcygeal joint hyper or hypomobility, coccygeal joint hypermobility

or the L1-2 disc. It is contained within the thecal sac. The spinal cord has a tubular shape. On cross section it is elliptical in the cervical region

Posterior ligaments Posterior ligaments Anterior ligaments The sacroiliac joint undergoes changes with age. Young joints have a flat surface and are able to

occurs at the joint is compression. When muscles act on the joint to move the joint they also exert a compression load across the joint space. The two

not posteriorly, there are two interspinous ligaments that are separated by fat. The interspinous ligaments provide little resistance to spinous process

not posteriorly, there are two interspinous ligaments that are separated by fat. The interspinous ligaments provide little resistance to spinous process

deltoid and lateral ligaments previously described with the ankle joint. There are a number of ligaments. Intrinsic Cervical ligament Interosseous talocalcaneal

by hyaline cartilage. The joint has an intraarticular disc or meniscus that is made of fibrocartilage that divides the joint into two cavities. It is attached

article: Sacroiliac Joint Anatomy The sacroiliac joint is a diarthrodial synovial joint, and only the anterior aspect is a true synovial joint. The posterior

Cervical Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joint Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Planar Joint Bones Ligaments Muscles Innervation Vasculature ROM Volume

arthritic complications and reduced joint stiffness associated with calcaneocuboid fusion. Unfortunately, joint fusion has an inherent loss of mobility, and

fluoroscopic guidance. Joint access is not always straightforward and failure to enter the joint is common. See Sacroiliac Joint Precision Treatment for

See Sternoclavicular Joint Anatomy for a review of the anatomy See also: Sternoclavicular Joint Anatomy The Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is inherently unstable

(hallux) has a single interphalangeal joint. The lateral four times have both a proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. All of these joints have a similar

traditional theory has been questioned because the ITB is actually tethered at the lateral femoral epicondyle by the epicondylo-patellar ligament and patellar