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decussation the fibres of the dorsal column form the medial lemniscus, ascend through the brainstem, and synapse in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

impingement of the L5 nerve root between the L5 transverse process and the ala of the sacrum Degenerative scoliosis with tilting of L5 and depression of the concave

stability to the medial aspect of the foot through the windlass mechanism of the plantar aponeurosis. As the body passes over the foot in toe-off, the metatarsal

regions. The medial side of the lower leg was subserved by L4 in 88%, the side of the first dorsal digit was subserved by L5 in 82%, and the side of the fifth

midline of the trunk posteriorly, across the buttock, through the lateral side of the thigh, the lateral side of the leg, and the medial side of the dorsum

originates from the posterior femur and crosses both the knee and the ankle joints. The terminal branches of the tibial nerve provide sensation to the posterior

weakness of the shoulder and upper arm but spares the hand, or the lower plexus (C7 to T1) as a group which causes weakness of the hand but spares the shoulder

is produced by the acetabular fossa, a depression in the centre of the acetabulum. The femoral head, the convex component of the ball-and-socket configuration

associated with lower limb and hand osteoarthritis, chronic pain, and disability. The rates of obesity have been increasing in New Zealand. In the New Zealand

upper limb, the posterior or anterior chest wall, the abdominal wall, the lower limb girdle and the lower limb. The distribution of referred pain in the

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus Buttocks

innervate the source of the pain. The mechanisms is convergence. Sources in the cervical spine can have pain referred to the head, upper limb, interscapular

ligament, pass from the tip of the medial malleolus to the non-articular part of the medial talar surface crossed by the tendons of the tibialis posterior

following a bout of increased physical activity. The pain is primarily in the lower limbs, however upper limb pain can occur in conjunction. The pain is typically

centration of distal and peripheral joints Timing between the function of stepping forward and support of the extremities Range of motion of the upper and

require endrange flexion of the lower cervical spine and so can be used to assess C0-C2 rotation mobility in the presence of lower cervical spine pain and

medium into the joints or by electrical stimulation of the dorsal rami. Below shows the main pain distributions from C0-1 to C7/T1, and the dorsal rami C3

below the ribs at the trigonum lumbale. Palpate to examine the postural function of the diaphragm, feeling for the ability of the diaphragm to lower and

commonly at C3/4. In the lumbar spine, the zygapophysial joints face posteriorly and laterally, and share little of the axial load. The joints resist axial rotation

is in the hand unlike what is seen with skin. The muscle segments of the proximal limb contain C5-C8, the mid limb C6-C8, and the hand C8-T1. In the limbs