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formed by the distal aspects of the tibia and fibula, and the trochlea of the talus fits into this. The malleoli of the tibia and fibula constrain the talus

is a spectrum of exercise-induced stress injury of the medial to distal tibia. There are two types Medial (posteromedial) tibial stress syndrome: the most

injures the nearby common peroneal nerve. The tibia and fibula are the two bones of the lower leg. The tibia is larger and located more medially and anteriorly;

bone heals perfectly. The ankle joint is made up of the tibia, fibula, and talus (Figure 1). The tibia forms the superior and medial aspects of the joint,

(including malunion) or Stress fractures (fibula, posterior cortex of the tibia) Vascular abnormalities - entrapment of popliteal artery, endo-fibrosis of

connect the distal femur to the tibia. The distal femur broadens to form the medial and lateral femoral condyles. The tibia is relatively flat, but the sloped

movement. The femur slides anteriorly on the tibia during extension, and slides posteriorly on the tibia during flexion. In full flexion the posterior

internal rotation of the tibia on the femur if the femur is fixed (sitting down) or external rotation of the femur on the tibia if the tibia is fixed (standing

posterior-medial calcaneus. Fires during midstance to slow the forward motion of the tibia over the foot Strongest dorsiflexor - tibialis anterior. Provides eccentric

insertion) Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle femur, MCL, medial condyl tibia Lateral epicondyle femur, LCL, head of fibula Popliteal artery Movements

synovial joint. It is created by the articulation of the distal end of the tibia, fibula, and the superior aspect of the talus. It provides dorsiflexion and

support phase of gait. When the foot is fixed on the ground, the femur and tibia rotate internally at the beginning of stance, and externally at the end of

Interphalangeal Joints (Foot) Proximal Phalanx (Foot) Distal Phalanx (Foot) Knee Joint Tibia Femur Patella Popliteal nerve, tibial nerve Genicular branches of the popliteal

Type Origin Anterior superior iliac spine Insertion Medial condyle of the tibia - superficial Pes Anserinus Action Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation

tuberosity Insertion As part of the pes anserine tendon, onto the medial superior tibia Action flexes knee joint, medially rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed

tuberosity As part of the pes anserine tendon, onto the medial superior tibia flexes knee joint, medially rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed beyond

distal ulna Caffey disease: entire carpus or intercondylar spines of the tibia Dias disease: trochlea of the talus Dietrich disease: head of metacarpals

Gracilis Muscle Type Origin ischiopubic ramus Insertion tibia (pes anserinus) Action flexes, medially rotates, and adducts the hip Synergists Antagonists

anterior and medial direction, and inserts on the anteromedial aspect of the tibia in the intercondylar region. It has two bundles: an anteromedial bundle and

position and sliding the surface of the foot laterally (without moving the tibia/fibula). Abduction/adduction motion of the foot/ankle primarily occurs at

peripheral site of cancer is the distal femur, followed by the proximal tibia, and then the proximal humerus. The Wells Score can be used in the appropriate

trochlea. The retinacula also maintain the connection of the muscles to the tibia, such that intact retinacula may allow for active knee extension even when

Distal Phalanx (Foot) Knee Joint Joint type: Saddle Joint, Hinge Joint Bones: Tibia, Femur, Patella Innervation: Popliteal nerve, tibial nerve Vasculature: Genicular

condyles, whose cartilage-lined surfaces allow articulation with the proximal tibia and patella (Figure 1). The femur is surrounded by a thick layer of muscles

ankle fractures includes ankle sprain, extra-physeal fractures of the distal tibia or fibula, and syndesmotic ankle injury. Red flags include an open fracture

where tibia is vertical. The ankle dorsiflexors contract to ensure foot clearance Terminal swing (tibia vertical): This is from point where tibia is vertical

planted/fixed foot: ACL Landing on flexed knee or MVA with posterior force to tibia: PCL Force to anteromedial extended knee or external rotation and hyperextension:

flexion/extension, 42° of abduction/adduction, and 17° of rotation Knee Joint Tibia Femur Patella Popliteal nerve, tibial nerve Genicular branches of the popliteal

treatment, high-level athletes, and for specific assessments in shin splints, tibia or fibula stress fractures, and metatarsal stress fractures requiring specific

with cannulated screws. Figure 7: Salter-Harris IV fracture of the distal tibia fracture showing the fracture line traveling through the metaphysis, through

joint or talocrural joint, is formed by the junction between the distal tibia and fibula and the talus. It has evolved for stability rather than mobility

costochondral junction, widening of the wrist, and lateral bowing of the femur and tibia. The diagnosis can be made on radiographs along with elevated ALP. Rheumatologic

anterior displacement of foot or talar Anterior talotibial Anterior margin of tibia TO front margin on talus Limits plantarflexion and abduction of foot Calcaneocuboid

Examples: Long Bones: The long bones in the limbs, such as the femur and tibia, experience torsional loads during activities like walking and running. Bone's

condyle. Passively flex and extend the knee while internally rotating the tibia and pushing the patella medially. A positive test is pain and/or popping

Middle Phalange 5 Distal Phalange 5 Hip (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Talus Calcaneus Navicular Medial Cuneiform Middle Cuneiform Lateral

fractures, caused by excessive dorsiflexion of the foot against the distal tibia, comprise half of all talus fractures (Figure 6). They are classified, with

fractures in the lower limb are commonly observed in various locations: tibia (23%), fibula (15%), tarsal navicular (17%), and metatarsals (16%). They

Distal Phalanx (Foot) Knee Joint Joint type: Saddle Joint, Hinge Joint Bones: Tibia, Femur, Patella Innervation: Popliteal nerve, tibial nerve Vasculature: Genicular