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Zygapophyseal joint pain (~40%) Cervical disc pain (~40%) Combined ZA joint and disc pain (~20%) Systemic causes such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing

This article is a stub. See physiotherapy protocol by Roberta Ainsworth for massive rotator cuff tears. Subacromial Pain Syndrome Subacromial Bursa Injection

fibromyalgia patients had definite SFN, compared to 3% in the control group. See Manuel et al for a summary. Some central sensitisation framework proponents

and inactivated. They are vital for the generation of action potentials (See also Basic Neurophysiology and Channelopathies and Chronic Pain). Disease

It is often described as a self limiting condition. A “wait and see” approach can see improvement within one year . A third of patients have prolonged

pelvis innervation. This article is a general overview of spinal cord anatomy. See nociception and basic neurophysiology for a more detailed overview on neurophysiology

40-50% of patient with fibromyalgia meet the diagnostic criteria for SFN. See also: Basic Neurophysiology Small fibre neuropathy results from damage to

This article is still missing information. Neurons are cells derived from the same embryonic tissue as skin, namely the ectoderm. They are highly differentiated

spontaneous pain, and only assesses superficial sensitivity rather than deep pain. See figure for clinical correlates. Dynamic Mechanical Allodynia Dynamic mechanical

This article is still missing information. Neuropathic pain is pain that is caused by a demonstrable lesion or disease of the somatosensory system. Typically

while looking for any back or rib cage abnormalities such as a rib hump. See video on Adams test Seated Adam's test: Non-structural causes can be assessed

under 50. Remembering that BPPV comes on with neck movements, it is easy to see how a misdiagnosis of "cervical vertigo" can be made when there is a history

when it comes to medial branch neurotomy, but the procedure can be repeated. See review by Russo et al. Traditionally it has only been used to treat chronic

Fluoroscopic guidance is safer than ultrasound due to the inability on ultrasound to see ventral to the Sacrococcygeal disc space where the bowel in located. However

different clinical syndromes because of the different mutational effects See also: Basic Neurophysiology Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that

aleotoric processes (See article on uncertainty). A single "unifying diagnosis" of central sensitisation may not apply here. Here we see the opposing aphorisms

abdomen, the nerve bifurcates into the lateral and anterior cutaneous branches. See also: Post-Hernia Repair Chronic Pain The injection can have diagnostic and

This article is still missing information. This article reviews surgical options for chronic low back pain, radicular pain, and lumbar spinal stenosis

amyotrophy is also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome and brachial neuritis. See older open access review, and two newer closed access reviews. Neuralgic Amyotrophy

at six months. Surgery The main options are arthrodesis and trapeziectomy. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7_iHbFVtHA for more information. Tenti S

the wrist can become unstable and lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis. See also: Hand and Wrist Biomechanics The carpal bones give stability to the wrist

This article is a stub. Familial episodic pain syndrome (FEPS) encompasses a group of non-inflammatory, paroxysmal pain syndromes primarily affecting the

This is ported content from WikiEM It is subject to the compatible CC-BY-SA license. Suspicion of septic arthritis Suspicion of crystal arthropathy Evaluation

page outlines the regional anaesthetic technique. For carpal tunnel syndrome see carpal tunnel injection. Useful for lacerations across multiple fingers/palm

medial to lateral and advance until the needle tip is close to the nerve. See Palamar et al for a review on technique. Patient in position of comfort allowing

This page or section deals with a topic that is not widely recognised or accepted. Please use your clinical judgement and note that this is not necessarily

inflammation is simply a superimposed phenomenon on tendon degeneration. See Fakoya and colleagues for a detailed discussion and literature review on the

motor neuron signs such as weakness, spasticity, Babinski or Hoffman sign. (see video on Hoffmans sign) The reflexes are asymmetric which either means that

of sternoclavicular instability and pain. See Sternoclavicular Joint Anatomy for a review of the anatomy See also: Sternoclavicular Joint Anatomy The Sternoclavicular

This article is still missing information. The coccyx (plural: coccyges) is the series of rudimentary vertebrae forming the caudal termination of the vertebral

This article is still missing information. Interobserver reliability is the agreement between two observers on the findings of a given diagnostic test

This article is still missing information. Myelopathy is term that describes a spinal cord lesion that is confined to a discrete level, for example from

however only the outer surface of the Os peroneum can be assessed (but it can see displacement). It can however assess the tendons such as for tears and tenosynovitis

groups can work through them allowing isolated movements and we see less asymmetry. We see increasing synergy and coordination of the deep stabilising system

Written by: Dr Jeremy Steinberg – created: 12 April 2021; last modified: 8 May 2022 This page is probably complete! It is awaiting peer review The sternoclavicular

This article is still missing information. During an experiment two samples are compared which each are supposed to represent two populations. Errors can

that is what we see with single medial branch blocks for facet joint pain, due to the placebo effect. To overcome this we need to see at minimum a second

and so it can be helpful to distinguish it from cervical radicular pain. (See also Cervical Spine Pain Definitions and Radicular Pain and Radiculopathy

access is not always straightforward and failure to enter the joint is common. See Sacroiliac Joint Precision Treatment for more information about precision

This article is a stub. See Willard et al for a free open access article on the thoracolumbar fascia. Lumbar Fat Herniation Willard et al.. The thoracolumbar

large osteophytes, and gross deformity of the femoral head and acetabulum. See Radiopaedia for a collection of x-ray cases. MRI is more specific, and much

intravascular Slowly inject anesthetic and extend the infiltration laterally Please see Highland EM U/S Guide for videos and tutorials Residual Paresthesia due to

arthritis and promote synovitis, pannus growth, and cartilage/bone destruction. See also: Cartilage Biomechanics The ability of synovial fluid to lubricate the

postyield regions Fracture occurs when the ultimate strength is reached. See also: Material Properties Elastic Behaviour Isotropic materials: elastic properties

stub. This article focuses on chronic pain following traumatic brain injury. See open access article by Irvine et al. Global incidence of TBI is 106 per 100

lateral to the facet joint, medial to lateral, into the pseudoarthrosis. See images by Chen and colleagues. Transitional Vertebral Anatomy Chen, Zhi-Jia;

This article is a stub. See open access article. Yang, Guang; McGlinn, Evan P.; Chung, Kevin C. (2014-07). "Management of the stiff finger: evidence and

This article is a stub. Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction Laslett et al.. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites

fascia iliaca, infiltrate a small volume of the anaesthetic solution. Should see the fascia lift up off of the nerve. Continue to infuse anaesthetic. Confirmation