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and fibula, and the trochlea of the talus fits into this. The malleoli of the tibia and fibula constrain the talus forming a hinge joint providing plantarflexion

joint is to absorb the rotation of the lower extremity during the support phase of gait. When the foot is fixed on the ground, the femur and tibia rotate

information. The hip joint is a synovial joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip is a ball and socket joint. The ball is the spherical

dorsiflexion of the proximal phalanx in hallux rigidus. The windlass mechanism of the plantar aponeurosis provides stability to the medial aspect of the foot with

function to those of the metatarsophalangeal joints. There is a limited range of motion. Generally flexion is greater than extension. The proximal interphalangeal

information. The intertarsal joints include the three cuneonavicular joints, the intercuneiform joints, the cuboideonavicular joint, and the cuneocuboid

calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint). This pair of joints separates the midfoot from the

arm of the posterior oblique ligament. Laterally the insertions are the meniscofemoral portion of the joint capsule, the fabella when present, and the lateral

structure of the body wall or limbs. A number of structures in the lumbar spine are capable of nociception including the lumbar zygapophysial joints, intervertebral

Anatomy Lumbarisation of S1 occurs in around 2% of the population. Sacralisation of L5 occurs in around 17% of the population. In a study of 147 subjects, 24

asymmetrical, with the large joints of the lower limbs being predominantly affected in peripheral spondyloarthritis. The age of onset is typically under

within 2cm of the centre of the sacrum. When the C7 plumb line sits to the left of the sacrum there is a negative coronal balance, when it sits to the right

Myalgias in rare disease (e.g., Stiff Person Syndrome), Myalgias with lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system Medication: opioids, statins, aromatase

aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Fracture DISH and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament Tumours Infections (bones, joints, discs

with the first rib. The clavicle is the first bone to ossify, and this occurs in the fifth week of gestation. Meanwhile, the medial physis of the clavicle

Inflammatory arthritis Osteochondral lesion medial femoral condyle (lateral aspect of medial epicondyle most common) Saphenous Nerve Entrapment Medial friction

process of the vertebra above glides along the superior articular process of the vertebra below. During whiplash, the axis of rotation is located in the moving

should be aware of but not necessarily competent in. With the patient standing: Look at the spine from the side and from behind Look at the skin and natal

A high lesion of the tibial nerve results in Loss of flexion of the toes and inversion of the foot. Loss of sensation of the sole of the foot, inferior