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Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot)	Origin: Plantar aponeurosis	Insertion: Fifth toe or phalanges	Action: Flexion and abduction of the fifth toe	Antagonists: Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle		Peripheral Innervation: Lateral Plantar Nerve	Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery
Abductor Hallucis	Origin: Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, Plantar aponeurosis, Flexor retinaculum	Insertion: Medial aspect of base of 1st phalanx of hallux	Action: Flexion and abduction of the great toe			Peripheral Innervation: Medial Plantar Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
Accessory Soleus	Origin: Variable: often from anterior distal tibia or fibula, or from soleal line (distinct from main soleus)	Insertion: Calcaneus (medial side) or medial Achilles tendon	Action: Assists in ankle plantarflexion	Antagonists: Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus	Spinal Innervation: S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve (branch of same segmental origin as soleus)	Blood Supply: Posterior tibial artery (branches), possibly peroneal artery
Achilles Tendon	Origin: Gastrocnemius and soleus muscle fibers (tendon begins mid-calf)	Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus (calcaneal tuberosity)	Action: Transmits force for plantarflexion of ankle; enables heel raise, jumping			Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1–S2) – via innervation of muscle, tendon itself has sensory innervation	Blood Supply: Posterior tibial artery (via sural branches); peroneal artery
Adductor Brevis	Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis (lateral to origin of gracilis)	Insertion: Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur	Action: Adducts thigh; weak hip flexor	Antagonists: Gluteus Medius, Tensor Fascia Lata, Gluteus Minimus		Peripheral Innervation: L2–L4), Obturator nerve (anterior or posterior division	Blood Supply: Obturator artery; deep femoral artery (perforators)
Adductor Hallucis	Origin: Oblique head: base of 2, 3, 4 metatarsals. Transverse head: plantar metatarsal ligaments and deep transverse ligament	Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe and lateral sesamoid.	Action: Adducts and flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe. Supports transverse arch			Peripheral Innervation: 3), Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2
Adductor Longus	Origin: External surface of body of pubis (triangular depression inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis)	Insertion: Linea aspera on middle one-third of shaft of femur	Action: Adducts thigh; assists in hip flexion (especially from extended position) and medial rotation		Spinal Innervation: L2, L3, L4	Peripheral Innervation: L2–L4), Obturator nerve (anterior division	Blood Supply: Obturator artery; deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery
Adductor Magnus	Origin: Adductor part – inferior pubic ramus and ischial ramus; Hamstring part – ischial tuberosity	Insertion: Adductor part – posterior femur (gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line); Hamstring part – adductor tubercle of femur	Action: Adducts thigh (powerfully); Adductor part flexes thigh; Hamstring part extends thigh	Antagonists: Gluteus Medius, Tensor Fascia Lata, Gluteus Minimus, Iliopsoas		Peripheral Innervation: Adductor part – Obturator nerve (posterior division, L2–L4); Hamstring part – Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L4–S1)	Blood Supply: Deep femoral artery (perforating branches); obturator artery
Adductor Minimus	Origin: Ischiopubic ramus (inferior pubic ramus to ischial ramus)	Insertion: Linea aspera (proximal medial lip) and adductor tubercle (via shared tendon)	Action: Adducts thigh; assists lateral rotation and extension of thigh	Antagonists: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus		Peripheral Innervation: Obturator nerve (L2–L4) and tibial division of sciatic nerve (L4–L5) – same innervation as adductor magnus	Blood Supply: Medial femoral circumflex artery; first perforating branch of profunda femoris
Adductor Muscles of the Hip
Anterior Compartment of the Leg
Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
Articularis Genus	Origin: Two slips from anterior femur below vastus intermedialius	Insertion: Apex of suprapatellar bursa	Action: Retracts bursa as knee extends			Peripheral Innervation: 4), Posterior division of femoral nerve (L3
Biceps Femoris	Origin: long head: medial facet of the ischial tuberosity short head: lateral linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of the femur and adjacent intermuscular septum	Insertion: fibular head, crural fascia and lateral tibial condyle (common short and long head tendon)	Action: flexes knee joint laterally rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed) extends hip joint (long head only) external rotation of the thigh (long head only)	Antagonists: Quadriceps Femoris	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: long head: Tibial Nerve, short head: Common Peroneal Nerve	Blood Supply: inferior gluteal artery perforating arteries popliteal artery
Diaphragm	Origin: Sternal (arising from two strips under the xiphoid process), costal (arising from inner surfaces of lower six costal cartilages and adjoining ribs, interdigitating with the transversus abdominis muscle), lumbar (arising from the aponeurotic arches and lumbar vertebrae.	Insertion: Common insertion point of the central tendon	Action: Respiratory, straining, gastro-oesophageal sphincter control.		Spinal Innervation: C3-5	Peripheral Innervation: Phrenic Nerve, separate branches innervate the crural and costal regions.
Dorsal Interossei of the Foot	Origin: Bipennate from inner aspects of shafts of all metatarsals	Insertion: Bases of proximal phalanges and dorsal extensor expansions of medial side of 2nd toe and lateral sides of 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes	Action: Abduct 2nd , 3rd and 4th toes from axis of 2nd toe. Assist lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints while flexing metatarsal phalangeal joints			Peripheral Innervation: 3), lateral plantar nerve (1-3: deep branch; 4: superficial branch) (S2
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Extensor Digitorum Longus	Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal 3/4 of anterior fibula; interosseous membrane	Insertion: Dorsal aspects of middle and distal phalanges of toes 2–5 (via extensor expansions)	Action: Extends toes 2–5; dorsiflexes ankle	Antagonists: Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Triceps Surae		Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5–S1)	Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Extensor Hallucis Longus	Origin: Anterior surface of fibula (middle third) and interosseous membrane	Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe	Action: Extends great toe; assists in dorsiflexing ankle	Antagonists: Flexor Hallucis Longus, Soleus, Gastrocnemius		Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5–S1)	Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
External Obturator	Origin: External surface of obturator membrane; rim of pubis and ischium bordering obturator foramen	Insertion: Trochanteric fossa on medial surface of greater trochanter	Action: Externally rotates thigh; assists in adduction of hip; stabilizes pelvis (by pulling femoral head into acetabulum)	Antagonists: Gluteus Medius, Tensor Fascia Lata, Gluteus Minimus		Peripheral Innervation: Posterior division of obturator nerve (L3–L4)	Blood Supply: Obturator artery; medial circumflex femoral artery
Fibularis Brevis	Origin: Lower two thirds lateral shaft of fibula	Insertion: Tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal	Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot . Supports lateral longitudinal arch			Peripheral Innervation: S1), Superficial peroneal nerve (L5
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis of the Foot	Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal and sheath of peroneus longus	Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of little toe	Action: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe			Peripheral Innervation: 3), Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2
Flexor Digitorum Brevis	Origin: Calcaneus	Insertion: Middle phalanges of toe 2-5	Action: Flexion of the lateral four digits	Antagonists: Extensor digitorum longus and Extensor digitorum brevis		Peripheral Innervation: Medial Plantar Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
Flexor Digitorum Longus	Origin: Posterior surface of the tibia below the soleal line; fascia of tibialis posterior	Insertion: Base of the distal phalanges of toes 2–5 (plantar surface)	Action: Flexes lateral four toes (DIP, PIP, MTP), assists ankle plantarflexion and inversion, supports longitudinal arch	Antagonists: Extensor Digitorum Brevis, Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve	Blood Supply: Posterior tibial artery; fibular artery
Flexor Hallucis Brevis	Origin: Cuboid, lateral cuneiform and tibialis posterior insertion over the two remaining cuneiforms	Insertion: Medial tendon to medial side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe. Lateral tendon to lateral side of same, both via sesamoids	Action: Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe. Supports medial longitudinal arch			Peripheral Innervation: 3), Medial plantar nerve (S2
Flexor Hallucis Longus	Origin: Inferior two-thirds of the posterior fibula and interosseous membrane	Insertion: Base of the distal phalanx of the great toe (plantar surface)	Action: Flexes the great toe (MTP and IP joints), assists plantarflexion, supports longitudinal arch	Antagonists: Extensor Hallucis Brevis, Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Hallucis Longus	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve	Blood Supply: Fibular artery; posterior tibial artery; medial plantar artery (distally)
Gastrocnemius	Origin: Lateral head – lateral condyle of femur (posterior aspect); Medial head – medial condyle of femur (popliteal surface above medial condyle)	Insertion: Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal (Achilles) tendon	Action: Plantarflexes ankle (especially with knee extended); flexes knee	Antagonists: Quadriceps Femoris, Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus		Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1–S2)	Blood Supply: Posterior tibial artery; sural arteries
Gemelli Muscles	Origin: Superior Gemellus: Spine of ischium Inferior Gemellus: Upper border of ischial tuberosity	Insertion: Superior Gemellus: Upper edge of Obturator internus muscle tendon (indirectly greater trochanter) Inferior Gemellus: Lower edge of Obturator internus muscle tendon (indirectly greater trochanter)	Action: Externally rotates and stabilises the hip
Gluteal Muscles
Gluteus Maximus	Origin: Gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur and iliotibial tract	Action: External rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting and abduction of the hip	Antagonists: Psoas Major, Psoas Minor, Iliacus	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: S1 and S2 nerve roots), Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5	Blood Supply: Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Gluteus Medius	Origin: Gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus Maximus. Three areas of origin: gluteal fossa, gluteal aponeurosis, and posterior inferior edge of the lip of the iliac crest.	Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur. Three points of insertion: tendinous portion of the aponeurosis inserts onto the superolateral facet, the remainder inserts along an anteroinferior oblique line on the lateral facet.	Action: Abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial/internal rotation and flexion of the hip (anterior fibers). Extension and Lateral/external rotation of the hip (posterior fibers)	Antagonists: Hip Adductors	Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve	Blood Supply: superior gluteal artery
Gluteus Minimus	Origin: From the area between the anterior gluteal line and inferior gluteal line on the gluteal surface of the ilium, beneath the gluteus medius.	Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur (anterior facet)	Action: Works in concert with gluteus medius to abduct the hip and prevent adduction; contributes to medial rotation of the thigh.	Antagonists: Lateral Hip Rotators	Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve	Blood Supply: Superior gluteal artery
Gracilis	Origin: ischiopubic ramus	Insertion: tibia (pes anserinus)	Action: flexes, medially rotates, and adducts the hip			Peripheral Innervation: anterior branch of Obturator Nerve	Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery
Hamstring Muscles
Iliacus	Origin: Upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa	Insertion: Base of the lesser trochanter of femur	Action: Flexes and rotates medially thigh	Antagonists: Gluteus Maximus	Spinal Innervation: L2, L3	Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial femoral circumflex artery, iliac branch of iliolumbar artery
Iliopsoas	Origin: Iliac fossa and lumbar spine	Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur	Action: Flexor of the hip and trunk; lateral flexor of the trunk	Antagonists: Gluteus Maximus, Posterior Compartment of Thigh	Spinal Innervation: L1, L2, L3	Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial femoral circumflex artery and iliolumbar artery
Internal Obturator	Origin: Internal surface of obturator membrane and edges of obturator foramen (ischium and pubis)	Insertion: Medial aspect of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa)	Action: Externally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes femoral head			Peripheral Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5–S2)	Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery; internal pudendal artery
Lateral Compartment of the Leg
Lateral Hip Rotators
Latissimus Dorsi	Origin: Inferior angle of the scapular, 9-12 ribs, spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia	Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus	Action: Extension, adduction and internal rotation of the arm, aids in respiration		Spinal Innervation: C6-C8	Peripheral Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
Medial Compartment of the Thigh
Muscles of the Ankle and Foot
Pectineus	Origin: pecten pubis and adjacent superior pubic ramus	Insertion: pectineal line of the femur	Action: adduct the thigh at the hip			Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve
Peroneus Longus	Origin: Upper two thirds of lateral shaft of fibula , head of fibula and superior tibiofibular joint	Insertion: Plantar aspect of base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform, passing deep to long plantar ligament	Action: Plantar flexes and everts foot. Supports lateral longitudinal and transverse arches			Peripheral Innervation: S1), Superficial peroneal nerve (L5
Peroneus Tertius	Origin: Distal anterior fibula (often continuous with extensor digitorum longus)	Insertion: Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal	Action: Dorsiflexes ankle; everts foot (pronation)	Antagonists: Tibialis Posterior, Triceps Surae		Peripheral Innervation: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve (L5–S1)	Blood Supply: Anterior tibial artery
Piriformis	Origin: 2, 3, 4 costotransverse bars of anterior sacrum, few fibers from superior border of greater sciatic notch	Insertion: Anterior part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur	Action: Externally rotates and stabilises the hip		Spinal Innervation: S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Nerve to Piriformis	Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal, lateral sacral and superior gluteal artery.
Plantar Interossei Muscles	Origin: Inferomedial shafts of 3rd , 4th and 5th metatarsals (single heads)	Insertion: Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges with slips to dorsal extensor expansions of 3rd, 4th and 5th toes	Action: Adduct 3rd 4th and 5th toes to axis of 2nd toe, Assist lumbricals in extending interphalangeal joints while flexing metatarsal phalangeal joints			Peripheral Innervation: 3), Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2
Plantaris	Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur and oblique popliteal ligament	Insertion: Calcaneus (medial to Achilles tendon) or into the Achilles tendon	Action: Weak plantarflexion of ankle and knee flexion	Antagonists: Quadriceps Femoris, Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum Longus	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve	Blood Supply: Popliteal artery (sural branches), superior muscular branches of posterior tibial artery
Popliteus	Origin: Lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus	Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia above soleal line	Action: Unlocks the knee by medially rotating tibia (or laterally rotating femur), weak knee flexion, stabilizes knee	Antagonists: Tensor Fascia Lata, Quadriceps Femoris, Biceps Femoris	Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial nerve	Blood Supply: Popliteal artery (genicular branches)