WikiMSK:Sandbox/box11

Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot)	Origin: Plantar aponeurosis	Insertion: Fifth toe or phalanges	Action: Flexion and abduction of the fifth toe	Antagonists: Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle		Peripheral Innervation: Lateral Plantar Nerve	Blood Supply: Lateral plantar artery
Abductor Hallucis	Origin: Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, Plantar aponeurosis, Flexor retinaculum	Insertion: Medial aspect of base of 1st phalanx of hallux	Action: Flexion and abduction of the great toe			Peripheral Innervation: Medial Plantar Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial plantar artery
Adductor Longus	Origin: External surface of body of pubis (triangular depression inferior to pubic crest and lateral to pubic symphysis)	Insertion: Linea aspera on middle one-third of shaft of femur	Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint		Spinal Innervation: L2, L3, L4	Peripheral Innervation: Obturator Nerve	Blood Supply: Profunda femoris
Biceps Femoris	Origin: long head: medial facet of the ischial tuberosity short head: lateral linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of the femur and adjacent intermuscular septum	Insertion: fibular head, crural fascia and lateral tibial condyle (common short and long head tendon)	Action: flexes knee joint laterally rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed) extends hip joint (long head only) external rotation of the thigh (long head only)	Antagonists: Quadriceps Femoris	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: long head: Tibial Nerve, short head: Common Peroneal Nerve	Blood Supply: inferior gluteal artery perforating arteries popliteal artery
Diaphragm	Origin: Sternal (arising from two strips under the xiphoid process), costal (arising from inner surfaces of lower six costal cartilages and adjoining ribs, interdigitating with the transversus abdominis muscle), lumbar (arising from the aponeurotic arches and lumbar vertebrae.	Insertion: Common insertion point of the central tendon	Action: Respiratory, straining, gastro-oesophageal sphincter control.		Spinal Innervation: C3-5	Peripheral Innervation: Phrenic Nerve, separate branches innervate the crural and costal regions.
External Obturator	Origin: Outer obturator membrane , rim of pubis and ischium bordering it	Insertion: Trochanteric fossa on medial surface of greater trochanter	Action: Adduct and externally rotate hip.				Blood Supply: Obturator artery.
Flexor Digitorum Brevis	Origin: Calcaneus	Insertion: Middle phalanges of toe 2-5	Action: Flexion of the lateral four digits	Antagonists: Extensor digitorum longus and Extensor digitorum brevis		Peripheral Innervation: Medial Plantar Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial and lateral plantar arteries and plantar arch, plantar metatarsal and plantar digital arteries
Gemelli Muscles	Origin: Superior Gemellus: Spine of ischium Inferior Gemellus: Upper border of ischial tuberosity	Insertion: Superior Gemellus: Upper edge of Obturator internus muscle tendon (indirectly greater trochanter) Inferior Gemellus: Lower edge of Obturator internus muscle tendon (indirectly greater trochanter)	Action: Externally rotates and stabilises the hip
Gluteus Maximus	Origin: Gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament	Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur and iliotibial tract	Action: External rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity muscle in sitting and abduction of the hip	Antagonists: Psoas Major, Psoas Minor, Iliacus	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: S1 and S2 nerve roots), Inferior Gluteal Nerve (L5	Blood Supply: Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
Gluteus Medius	Origin: Gluteal surface of ilium, under gluteus Maximus. Three areas of origin: gluteal fossa, gluteal aponeurosis, and posterior inferior edge of the lip of the iliac crest.	Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur. Three points of insertion: tendinous portion of the aponeurosis inserts onto the superolateral facet, the remainder inserts along an anteroinferior oblique line on the lateral facet.	Action: Abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial/internal rotation and flexion of the hip (anterior fibers). Extension and Lateral/external rotation of the hip (posterior fibers)	Antagonists: Hip Adductors	Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve	Blood Supply: superior gluteal artery
Gluteus Minimus	Origin: From area in between the anterior gluteal line and inferior gluteal line of Gluteal surface ilium, under gluteus medius.	Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur	Action: Works in concert with gluteus medius: abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh.	Antagonists: Lateral Hip Rotators	Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve	Blood Supply: superior gluteal artery
Gracilis	Origin: ischiopubic ramus	Insertion: tibia (pes anserinus)	Action: flexes, medially rotates, and adducts the hip			Peripheral Innervation: anterior branch of Obturator Nerve	Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery
Iliacus	Origin: Upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa	Insertion: Base of the lesser trochanter of femur	Action: Flexes and rotates medially thigh	Antagonists: Gluteus Maximus	Spinal Innervation: L2, L3	Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial femoral circumflex artery, iliac branch of iliolumbar artery
Iliopsoas	Origin: Iliac fossa and lumbar spine	Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur	Action: Flexor of the hip and trunk; lateral flexor of the trunk	Antagonists: Gluteus Maximus, Posterior Compartment of Thigh	Spinal Innervation: L1, L2, L3	Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve	Blood Supply: Medial femoral circumflex artery and iliolumbar artery
Internal Obturator	Origin: Inner surface of obturator membrane and rim of pubis and ischium bordering membrane	Insertion: Middle part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur	Action: Abducts & externally rotates the extended hip and abducts the flexed thigh at the hip, and stabilises the hip during walking				Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery
Latissimus Dorsi	Origin: Inferior angle of the scapular, 9-12 ribs, spinous processes of T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia	Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus	Action: Extension, adduction and internal rotation of the arm, aids in respiration		Spinal Innervation: C6-C8	Peripheral Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
Piriformis	Origin: 2, 3, 4 costotransverse bars of anterior sacrum, few fibers from superior border of greater sciatic notch	Insertion: Anterior part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur	Action: Externally rotates and stabilises the hip		Spinal Innervation: S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Nerve to Piriformis	Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal, lateral sacral and superior gluteal artery.
Psoas Major	Origin: Transverse processes of L1-5, bodies of T12-L5 and intervertebral discs below bodies of T12-L5	Insertion: Middle surface of lesser trochanter of femur	Action: Stabiliser and flexor of the hip, lateral flexion of the trunk.	Antagonists: Gluteus Maximus	Spinal Innervation: L1, L2, L3	Peripheral Innervation: Anterior primary rami of L1-3 nerves (mainly L2)	Blood Supply: lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, deep circumflex iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery
Psoas Minor	Origin: Lateral surface bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae and intervening intervertebral disc	Insertion: Passes behind the inguinal ligament to insert into the iliopubic eminence	Action: Weak lumbar spine flexion	Antagonists: Erector Spinae	Spinal Innervation: L1	Peripheral Innervation: Anterior ramus of L1 nerve root
Quadratus Femoris	Origin: Lateral edge of the tuberosity of the ischium	Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest	Action: lateral rotation and adduction of thigh		Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve (Nerve to quadratus femoris)	Blood Supply: medial circumflex femoral artery
Quadratus Lumborum	Origin: Posterior border of iliac crest	Insertion: Inferior border of 12th rib and L1-L5	Action: Alone(unilateral), lateral flexion of vertebral column; Together (bilateral), depression of thoracic rib cage		Spinal Innervation: L1, L2, L3, L4, T12	Peripheral Innervation: The twelfth thoracic and first through fourth ventral rami of lumbar nerves	Blood Supply: Lumbar arteries, lumbar branch of iliolumbar artery
Quadratus Plantae	Origin: Calcaneus, Long plantar ligament	Insertion: Tendons of Flexor Digitorum Longus	Action: Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexion of DIP joints			Peripheral Innervation: Lateral Plantar Nerve
Quadriceps Femoris	Origin: Combined rectus femoris and vastus muscles	Insertion: Tibial tuberosity	Action: Knee extension; Hip flexion (Rectus femoris only)		Spinal Innervation: L2, L3, L4	Peripheral Innervation: Femoral Nerve
Rectus Abdominis	Origin: Pubic symphysis, pubic crest	Insertion: Xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7	Action: Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration		Spinal Innervation: T7-T12	Peripheral Innervation: Intercostal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12)
Sartorius	Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine	Insertion: Medial condyle of the tibia - superficial Pes Anserinus	Action: Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of the hip, flexion of the knee
Semimembranosus	Origin: Ischial tuberosity	Insertion: Infraglenoid tubercle of the posterior medial tibial condyle, posterior joint capsule (contributing to the oblique popliteal ligament), popliteal fascia and posterior horn of medial meniscus	Action: Flexes knee joint, medially rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed beyond 90 degrees), extends hip joint (less than biceps femoris)		Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial Nerve	Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery
Semitendinosus	Origin: Ischial tuberosity	Insertion: As part of the pes anserine tendon, onto the medial superior tibia	Action: flexes knee joint, medially rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed beyond 90 degrees), extends hip joint (less than biceps femoris)	Antagonists: Quadriceps Femoris	Spinal Innervation: L5, S1, S2	Peripheral Innervation: Tibial Nerve	Blood Supply: Inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery
Tensor Fascia Lata	Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine	Insertion: Iliotibial tract (via greater trochanter)	Action: Hip - flexion, medial rotation, abduction, knee - lateral rotation, Torso - stabilization		Spinal Innervation: L4, L5, S1	Peripheral Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve	Blood Supply: Primarily lateral circumflex femoral artery, superior gluteal artery