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another disorder that would otherwise sufficiently explain the pain. Conditions 1 and 2 are assessed by the Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire. Fibromyalgia Diagnostic

cuff tear: A detailed update - 1.03 MB (f) Tamborrini 2017 - The Rotator Interval – A Link Between Anatomy and Ultrasound - 1.44 MB (f) Sambandam 2015 - Rotator

Meta-analysis". The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 48 (1): 19–31. doi:10.2519/jospt.2018.7365. ISSN 1938-1344. PMID 29034800. Check

deficiency was 1 in 40,000. Based on carrier frequencies, the predicted incidence was 1 in 138,000 for classic infantile disease and 1 in 57,000 for late-onset

Parikinson's Disease.The classification system by Ford is the most well known (Table 1). It classifies pain into musculoskeletal, radicular/neuropathic, dystonia-related

English). 10 (1): 127. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56709-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6954195. PMID 31924812. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format

sodium channel members found in small nerve fibres are Nav1.7 (SCN9A), Nav1.8 (SCN10A), and Nav1.9 (SCN11A). A demyelinating process is thought to be unlikely

doi:10.1016/j.bas.2022.100916. ISSN 2772-5294. PMC 9560562. PMID 36248118.CS1 maint: PMC format (link) Alkherayf, Fahad; Agbi, Charles (2009-10-01). "Cigarette

etiology, diagnosis, and management of camptocormia". European Neurology. 64 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1159/000314897. ISSN 1421-9913. PMID 20634620. Benatru, I.; Vaugoyeau

in neurons, including nociceptors. Specific subtypes, such as NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9, are predominantly expressed in nociceptive neurons and have been

on the presence of osteophytes, which doesn't correlate well to pain. Grade 1, doubtful OA with possible joint space narrowing medially and subtle osteophyte

ankle joint volume: An anatomic study". Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 43 (1): 72–75. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.45326. ISSN 0019-5413. PMC 2739497. PMID 19753184

Landmark Guided - Mei-Dan 2013.pdf - 1.56 MB (f) Hip Injection Fluoroscopy Three Approaches RCT - Taveesuksiri 2023.pdf - 1.15 MB (f) Fluoroscopy Lower Extremity

Muscle Stretch Reflex Scale Grade Finding 0 Reflex absent despite reinforcement 1 Reflex small, less than normal; includes a trace response or a response brought

When 3/5 positive, then cervical myelopathy can be ruled in (+LR 30.9). When 1/5 positive, CSM could be ruled out (-LR 0.18) Hoffman’s, Babinski, clonus and

Management of Neuropathic Pain". Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.). 20 (Suppl 1): S2–S12. doi:10.1093/pm/pnz075. ISSN 1526-4637. PMC 6544553. PMID 31152178

T12, L1 Accompanies spermatic cord Proximal and medial thigh Mons pubis and labia majora Root of penis and upper scrotum Iliohypogastric T12, L1 Divides

This article is a stub. See open access article. Yang, Guang; McGlinn, Evan P.; Chung, Kevin C. (2014-07). "Management of the stiff finger: evidence and

This article is a stub. See open access review by Leider et al. Leider, Joseph D.; Derise, Olivia C.; Bourdreaux, Kyle A.; Dierks, Gregor J.; Lee, Christopher;

by the "C-sign", "deep pointer sign", or "coordinate fingers" (see Figure 1) Ahuja, Vanita; Thapa, Deepak; Patial, Sofia; Chander, Anjuman; Ahuja, Anupam

local anaesthetic e.g. lidocaine 2% 1-1.5mL. For possible therapeutic benefit add corticosteroid for a maximum volume of 1.5-2mL. Withdraw needle, apply dressing

craniofacial pain". Cranio: The Journal of Craniomandibular Practice. 28 (1): 50–59. doi:10.1179/crn.2010.007. ISSN 0886-9634. PMID 20158009. Check date

This article is a stub. Thoracic facet joint pain is felt in the parasagittal region and doesn't cross the midline. Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Patterns

(2014-02). "Differentiating c8-t1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons". Global Spine Journal. 4 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1354254

nerve. Differential Diagnosis of Lateral Foot Pain Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome S1 radicular pain Plantar Fasciitis Fat Pad Atrophy Neuroma Obtain weight-bearing

(2014-02). "Differentiating c8-t1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons". Global Spine Journal. 4 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1354254

is their predominant symptom. The incidence is approximately 1-6 per 100,000. There is a 2:1 female to male prevalence. Myositis can occur in all ages. In

disease. SS is most common in women, the female to male ratio often exceeds 10:1. It usually is diagnosed between 40-60 but it can occur in younger and older

This article is a stub. Glyceryl Trinitrate is a treatment for Tendinopathy. It is applied to the degenerative area and may enhance collagen synthesis

This article is a stub. The acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is formed by the junction between the acromion process of the scapula and the distal clavicle

This article is a stub. The functional spinal unit (FSU) is the smallest motion segment of the spine. It includes two vertebrae with an interleaving intervertebral

forward. MRI can be helpful. If the patient has back pain then consider L5 or S1 radicular pain and examine for radiculopathy (See Lumbar Radicular Pain). If

This is ported content from StatPearls It is subject to the compatible CC-BY license. A hinge joint is an articulation between the convex end of one bone

This is ported content from StatPearls It is subject to the compatible CC-BY license. A planar joint, or gliding joint, is defined as an articulation between

- Situm 2018.pdf - 678 KB (f) Notalgia Paresthetica - Robinson 2023.pdf - 1.2 MB (f) Robinson, Christopher; Downs, Evan; De la Caridad Gomez, Yanet; Nduaguba

joint tenderness in women". International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 12 (1): 39–43. doi:10.1111/j.1756-185X.2009.01378.x. ISSN 1756-185X. PMID 20374315

enjoyment, may need to be considered. Exercise Prescription - Luan 2019 - 1.09 MB (f) Exercise Induced Hypoalgesia Obesity and Chronic Pain Textbook: ACSM's

22-gauge spinal needle Injection Solution: 4 mL, containing 1 mL of triamcinolone and 3 mL of 1% lidocaine An obliquely oriented path with the target in the

OSD Classificiation of De Flaviis et al. Classification Description Type 1: cartilage swelling alone Hypoechoic zone superficial to the apophysis of the

in Sport: A Current Concepts Review". Sports Medicine International Open. 1 (2): E58–E68. doi:10.1055/s-0043-103946. ISSN 2367-1890. PMC 6226070. PMID 30539087

3° of hyperextension to 155° of flexion Sternoclavicular Joint Clavicle Rib 1 Manubrium Sternoclavicular, costoclavicular, interclavicular ligs. Medial supraclavicular

around a single axis. An example would be the atlantoaxial joint between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) of the vertebrae, permitting side-to-side head motion

terminale. The mean AP diameter of the sacral hiatus is 4.6 ± 2 mm to 6.1 ± 2.1 mm, and decreases with age. Tarlov cysts can be found below the S3 level

Written by: Dr Jeremy Steinberg – created: 15 April 2022; last modified: 24 April 2022 This article is still missing information. Leg length discrepancy

Ligaments Muscles Innervation Vasculature ROM Volume Atlanto-occipital Joint C1 (Atlas) Occiput Two articular capsules, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Internal rotation 30°, external rotation 40°, abduction 50°, adduction 30° 1-10mL

Raynaud's phenomenon Fabry disease Other genetic neuropathic pain conditions: TRPA1, SCN10A, and SCN11A familial episodic pain syndromes Non pharmacological: Wear

This article is still missing information. Lumbar spine arthrodesis is surgical procedure that is typically performed to address degenerative conditions

This article is still missing information. Proximal muscle weakness involves the axial and limb girdle muscle groups and can be caused by a wide array

tumor, neuroendocrine tumor, sarcoma Viral infections: HIV, EBV, VZV, HTLV-1 Vitamin B6 Intoxication Neurotoxic drugs: pyridoxine, cisplatin, carboplatin

Diagnosis Myotonic dystrophy DM type 1 (DMPK) DM type 2 (CNBP) Non-dystrophic myotonias Chloride channelopathies (CLCN1) Thomsen myotonia congenita Becker

symptom disorder". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 20 (1): 23–31. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/phenningsen. ISSN 1958-5969. PMC 6016049. PMID 29946208

training. Sagittal Balance of the Spine Thoracic Hyperkyphosis - Koele 2020.pdf - 1.6 MB (f) Katzman, W. B.; Vittinghoff, E.; Lin, F.; Schafer, A.; Long, R. K

"Muscle cramps and contractures: causes and treatment". Practical Neurology. 23 (1): 23–34. doi:10.1136/pn-2022-003574. ISSN 1474-7766. PMID 36522175. Check date

Written by: Dr Jeremy Steinberg – created: 15 April 2022; last modified: 17 April 2022 This article is still missing information. Femoroacetabular impingement

subtype should not be considered a rare disease because the prevalence is 1 in 500) SCN9A Neuropathic Pain Syndromes: small fibre neuropathy, erythromelalgia

high prevalence of user error in the electrophysiology technique and interpretation. Nerve biopsy is at risk of sampling error when a biopsy is taken proximal

care is often the main approach. FSHD has two recognized forms, FSHD type 1 (autosomal dominant, 95% of cases) and FSHD type 2 (digenic, 5% of cases) which

traumatic sacral fractures, the sacrum is viewed as having three zones: Zone 1: The sacral ala lateral to the foraminae. The vast majority of sacral insufficiency

ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 490891. PMID 7229642. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) Gelfand, Amy A.; Johnson, Hannah; Lenaerts, Marc

column second row) as a cause for chronic low back pain fulfils postulates 1, 3, and 4 and has survived copious scientific scrutiny.

cohort study found 74% had complete resolution with 1-5 injections. 54% had complete response after 1 injection, and a further 14% with 2 injections. There

Tradition dictates using look, feel, and move. All signs are liable to errors of reliability and validity. The critical objective is to exclude red flags

Anatomic and Radiologic Considerations". RadioGraphics. 19 (1): 105–119. doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.1.g99ja02105. ISSN 0271-5333. Check date values in: |date=

target region is 1/3 to 1/2 along the course of the L5 dorsal ramus between the inflexion and base of the L5/S1 zygapophysial joint. The iliac crests can overlap

ISSN 2378-5128. PMC 5553487. PMID 28825013. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) Stubbings, Nicholas; Smith, Toby (2014-03). "Diagnostic

Experimental Medicine (in English). 88 (1): 99–131. doi:10.1084/jem.88.1.99. ISSN 1540-9538. PMC 2135799. PMID 18871882.CS1 maint: PMC format (link) Stevens,

segment degeneration. In the event of L5-S1 fusion, there is 52% added motion on the sacroiliac joint. With L4-S1 fusion there is 168% added motion on the

myotonic dystrophy type 1 occurs in approximately 1 in 7000 people. Myotonic dystrophy type 2 is less frequent and less severe than type 1. Overall DM is the

inflammatogenic and leucotatic. It induces the production of PLA2, interleukins (1α, 1β, 6), TNFα, and nitric oxide. The experimental introduction of nucleus pulposis

74.for meniscal tear, i.e. both crossing 0.5 which is a likelihood ratio of 1.0. There may be other explanations for mechanical symptoms. These can include

local anaesthetic using a 25-G 1.5 inch needle Consider preparing the epidural needle by creating a convexity at the first 1 inch of the needle (epidural

Lateral atlanto-axial (C1-2) joint - 7%. C3/4 - 6%. Putative Osteoarthrosis of upper cervical spine joints (Median C1-2 joint and C0-C1 joints). Refuted Occipital

structures in the human lumbar spine". Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 33 (1–4): 1–17. doi:10.3109/17453676308999829. ISSN 0001-6470. Rees WES. Multiple bilateral

(2014-02). "Differentiating c8-t1 radiculopathy from ulnar neuropathy: a survey of 24 spine surgeons". Global Spine Journal. 4 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1354254

solid, continuous bridge of bone that effectively stabilises the spine by 1 year after surgery. This can (but not always) lead to persistent pain, loss

mutations in PLOD1, the gene encoding the collagen modifying enzyme procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 (PLOD1 or LH1 [lysylhydroxylase1]). More

398–405. doi:10.1093/jhps/hnz046. ISSN 2054-8397. PMC 6990389. PMID 32015892.CS1 maint: PMC format (link) Campbell, T. Mark; Ghaedi, Bahareh Bahram; Tanjong

were exposed to either pulsed US (1 MHz at intensity of 2.0 W/cm2 at 50% cycle) or continuous US (1 MHz at intensity 1.0 W/cm2) for 15 minutes on four consecutive

thought that MMP-1 is the primary collagenase in rheumatoid arthritis, and MMP-13 is the primary collagenase in osteoarthritis. The role of MMP-1 may be distinct

side of the anterior midline above the level of the hyoid (Media Image, Table 1). They attach the hyoid to the mandible, tongue, and skull. The digastric muscle

anterior to the 1st rib, transverse process of C7, and the anterior primary rami of C8 and T1. It receives white rami communicantes from C8 and T1 (afferent

ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 4752665. PMID 26407586. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) Kannus, P.; Józsa, L. (1991-12). "Histopathological

median of 5.2%. Most people will experience a diagnostic error in their lifetime. Most diagnostic errors occur through flaws in clinical reasoning skills. This

of Graduate Medical Education. 8 (2): 274–276. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-16-00073.1. ISSN 1949-8357. PMC 4857488. PMID 27168905. Check date values in: |date= (help)

at quickly through System 1 reasoning by applying System 2 reasoning to the case. Diagnostic errors can occur with System 1 or System 2 thinking. However

disc disruption. Type 1 lesions are dark on T1 and bright on T2 and reflect bone marrow oedema. Type 2 lesions are bright on both T1 and T2 and reflect fatty