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(Facet) Joint Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Planar Joint Bones Vertebra Ligaments Capsular Ligament Muscles Innervation Medial Branches of the

1. 2x uncovertebral joints (joints of Luschka) at each segments. They are not true synovial joints (clefts at the lateral edges of IVD between uncinated

front-on, the annulus is shaped like an inverted "V", with the fibres converging towards the midline, and the apex of the V pointing to the axis of rotation

or recurrent nerves of Luschka. Innervate the meninges, ligaments, and periosteum of the spinal canal and the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disk

and the sacral plexus. The posterior aspect of the joint is supplied by a plexus that is formed by the lateral branches of the posterior rami of L5 to

Through the atlanto-axial joint the load from the head is transmitted to the rest of the cervical spine. The atlas also has anterior and posterior arches

anterior arch of the atlas (C1) and the front of the odontoid process The lateral atlantoaxial joints are between the lateral mass of the atlas (C1) and axis

Villonodular Synovitis Synovial Chondromatosis Referred Pain - Hip Joint, Lumbosacral spine pathology Neoplasm - soft tissue, intraosseous Lateral meniscus

structure of the body wall or limbs. A number of structures in the lumbar spine are capable of nociception including the lumbar zygapophysial joints, intervertebral

dissection of vertebral artery, internal carotid artery, or aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta. Fracture DISH and ossification of the posterior longitudinal

identify the L1 vertebral body, and subsequently determine the correct numeric assignment of the LSTV. Radiographs of the entire spine can fulfil the same

Osteoarthritis Disorder of the synovial joints of the cervical spine (zygapophyseal joints and atlanto-axial joints), characterised by osteophytes, joint narrowing,

compression of the labrum and acetabular cartilage. This leads to separation of the labrum from the acetabular cartilage and delamination of the acetabular

found that in the general chronic spine patient population, the ZA joints cause 55% of chronic cervical spine pain among 255 cervical spine pain patients

evidence for the use of NSAIDs in the short term, with naproxen being more effective than placebo. There is no evidence to support the use of ultrasound

evaluate the sagittal rotation of the pelvis and coccygeal angle of incidence. These views can identify the source of pain in around 70% of patients. The initial

within 2cm of the centre of the sacrum. When the C7 plumb line sits to the left of the sacrum there is a negative coronal balance, when it sits to the right

regards to ageing changes, but come under the umbrella of synovial joints - i.e. the changes are likely a combination of genetics and abnormal biomechanics.

as per the Cobb method) of the spine in the coronal plane, uncorrectable by voluntary or passive movement, and accompanied by axial rotation of the vertebrae

Ultimately spine imaging may fail to identify the pain source. For example ruptures of the capsule of a facet joint in the cervical spine from whiplash

Cervical Spine Biomechanics Normal - 2000 - 1.04 MB (f) Cervical Spine Biomechanics Soft Tissue Responses - 2001 - 4.31 MB (f) Cervical Spine Biomechanics

alignment of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints, and functional stability of the lumbopelvic region. Modification of activities of daily living

medium into the joints or by electrical stimulation of the dorsal rami. Below shows the main pain distributions from C0-1 to C7/T1, and the dorsal rami C3

anatomy of the lumbar spine. Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, 2012. Maigne et al.. The lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal rami of the thoraco-lumbar

Synovial Joints: The most likely source of nociception in chronic idiopathic neck are the synovial joints of the neck. These are the facet joints, atlanto-axial

anterior half of the lower border of the upper spinous process. Dorsally there are fibres that run from the posterior half of the upper border of the lower spinous

strum the strings harder or turn up the amplifier. The strings in the guitar are equivalent to all the different nerves in different parts of the body.

standing: Look at the spine from the side and from behind Look at the skin and natal cleft Look at limb and trunk proportions Look at the face and jaw profile

flexion of the intervertebral joint. When the lumbar spine flexes there is more stress on the disc, and with extension there is more stress on the facet

credibility of the doctor, therapeutic setting, treatment, administrative setting; and the nature of the interaction between the patient and doctor. The effect

reaches the inner third of the anulus Grade II: reaches the middle third of the anulus Grade III: reaches the outer third of the anulus Grade IV: the fissure

commonly at C3/4. In the lumbar spine, the zygapophysial joints face posteriorly and laterally, and share little of the axial load. The joints resist axial rotation

history, multiple joint involvement. The knee is the most common peripheral site of cancer. The most common peripheral site of cancer is the distal femur,

location depends on the affected section of the sacroiliac joint. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal

processes of the coccygeal vertebrae the most superior eminences join the lateral edges of the sacrum, forming the foramen for the transmission of the anterior

information. The hip joint is a synovial joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip is a ball and socket joint. The ball is the spherical

back facing you Palpate scapular spine to its lateral limit (the acromion) Identify the posterolateral corner of the acromion Insert 1.5-in needle 1 cm

exceeding the capacity of the deep stabilising system the athlete will tend to hyperextend of the spine, protract the shoulders, and antevert the pelvis.

forces. c. Facet Joints: Also known as zygapophyseal joints, facet joints are paired synovial joints located posteriorly in the FSU. They provide stability and

article on the technique. The lumbar dorsal rami have three branches. The medial branch innervates the multifidus muscle and the facet joint at the same level

down the spine. In the upper spine the axis of rotation is below the moving vertebra, but the axes move progressively closer to the disc down the cervical

lordotic lumbar spine, the facet joints bear around 16% of axial load - the lower joints bear slightly more weight than the upper joints (19% vs 11%). In

midline of the trunk posteriorly, across the buttock, through the lateral side of the thigh, the lateral side of the leg, and the medial side of the dorsum

innervation of the skin (dermatomes) is different to that of the deeper tissues. The muscles of the shoulder girdle are supplied by C6 and C7, very different

Costotransverse joint pain is felt in the parasagittal thoracic spine. It does not or only rarely causes midline or arm pain. It does not cross the midline. Thoracic

from thoracic spine costovertebral joints interspinous ligaments and paravertebral muscles possibly not costotransverse joints or facet joints Sternalis Syndrome

source of the pain refers to the anatomical structure which has nociceptive activity leading to pain perception. The cause of the pain is the disease process

results in bulging of the anulus fibrosus and ligamentum flavum into the spinal canal. These changes alter the loading of the facet joints, which leads to

ossification of the terminal ends of the collagen fibres of the AF. This ossification can occur in the anterior and posterior margins of the disc where compressive

denervation of lumbar facet joints in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, sham lesion-controlled trial. The Clinical journal

synovial fold. The latter is the most clinically relevant and runs from the internal aspect of the joint capsule along to the medial edge of the patella and

with the medial border of the scapula, laterally by the glenohumeral joint, superiorly by the upper border of trapezius, and inferiorly by the spine of the

Geometry of the structure Mechanical properties of the materials from which the structure is made Location and direction of loads to which the structure

from the side. The joint space seen is only the ventral aspect of the joint, the rest of the joint projects laterally and is covered by the superior articular

called the interchondral joints. The interchondral joints normally merge into a common arch joining to the sternum. The false ribs "piggyback" on the 7th

limb, the posterior or anterior chest wall, the abdominal wall, the lower limb girdle and the lower limb. The distribution of referred pain in the head

there is the right crus and the IVC Anterior to the vertebral bodies towards the centre and left there is the left crus and the aorta Posterior to the laminae

inflammatory changes in the SIJ and spine. Definitions of what constitutes a positive MRI of the SIJ and spine have been published by ASAS. Early diagnosis is

surfaces of two adjacent vertebrae as a result of a change of the position of the fluid in the nucleus There are no formal population studies on the incidence

arteries in the transverse foramina and into the posterior cranial fossa. The sinuvertebral nerves of the cervical spine are formed from two roots: the somatic

information. The compressive force on the thoracolumbar spine is the force that acts along the long axis of the spine as arises from tension in the paraspinal

in one or more sections of the spine. The anterior longitudinal ligament covers the anterior and anterolateral part of the spine and so AP radiographs can

standing: Look at the spine from the side and from behind Look at the skin and natal cleft Look at limb and trunk proportions Look at the face and jaw profile

anatomy of the lumbar spine. Elsevier 2012 Weiler PJ, King GJ, Gertzbein SD. Analysis of sagittal plane instability of the lumbar spine in vivo. Spine (Phila

endrange flexion of the lower cervical spine and so can be used to assess C0-C2 rotation mobility in the presence of lower cervical spine pain and dysfunction

men, with 18% of women over the age of 60 and 10% of men over the age of 60 experiencing symptoms of OA. In New Zealand, the prevalence of OA is approximately

Observe from the front: Ask the patient to breath normally while monitoring from the front the quality of the breathing, observing the movement of the ribs, the

at least one of the involved joints must be a small joint; the other joints can include any combination of large and additional small joints, as well as

keep the vestibular canals stationary. i.e. move the torso with respect to the head, rather than the head with respect to the torso. For example the examiner

binding the nerve roots and the spinal nerve mainly to the facet joint capsule dorsally, but also to the margins of the foramen. At the outer end of the foramen

numbness of the ipsilateral half of the tongue. Excessive rotation leads to subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint leading to occipital pain. The C2 ventral

broken. The peak is the phase of failure of the collagen fibre, with substantial numbers of bonds being irreversibly broken. The last part of the curve is

below the S3 level. This is a triangular gap on the posterior aspect of the caudal end of the sacrum. The hiatus arises due to failure of fusion of the lamina

fusion in the lumbar spine, including posterior, anterior, and lateral approaches. The choice of approach depends on factors such as the level of spinal fusion

articulates with the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint. The scapular spine is located on the dorsal surface of the scapula and separates the supraspinatus

accuracy of history taking and physical examination for assessing anterior cruciate ligament lesions of the knee in primary care. Archives of physical

activity in the dysfunctional area. The osteopathic TART perspective views changes depending on the chronicity of the condition. Some of the changes relate

spondylolistheses) is the slippage of one vertebra relative to the one below. It can occur anywhere in the spine, but is most commonly seen in the lumbar spine, particularly

until relief of at least 90%. The control had the same but with triamcinolone 40mg. The outcomes were the same at 3 months, but the results of the prolotherapy

sacroiliac joints. The joint space is relatively well preserved. On MRI there is extensive sclerosis especially on the iliac side of the sacroiliac joints. The

considered to have SIJ pain on the basis of two positive responses to diagnostic blocks, i.e. 16% of the total cohort, or 40% of the cohort with positive SIJ

osteoarthrosis Somatic Referred Pain from the Lumbar Spine or Sacroiliac Joints Calcific Tendinopathy of the abductor tendons Meralgia paresthetica Snapping

Gluteal Tendinopathy Somatic Referred Pain from the Lumbar Spine or Sacroiliac Joints Calcific Tendinopathy of the abductor tendons Hip Osteoarthritis Meralgia

(ankle) joint and ends at the calcaneocuboid joint (Figure 1). The bones of the hindfoot are the talus (lower bone of the ankle joint) and the calcaneus

single x-ray of the pelvis to include the iliac crests and pubic symphysis. It allows assessment of general pelvic pathology, the sacrum, some of the lower lumbar

At the L1-4 neural segments the target is the medial branch of the dorsal ramus. At the L5 neural segment the target is the L5 dorsal ramus. The medial

5-10% of the population. The incidence for arthritis/arthralgia is 38.6 per 1000 population. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most important condition of the

from the neck to the head, or from the head to the neck. Neck pain can refer to the chest and vice versa. However if the primary disorder lies in the heart

which traverses the sacral hiatus above the epidural space Obtain a longitudinal position of the sacral hiatus, the proximal portion of the transducer resting

from the inferior aspect of the labrum and inserts on the anatomic neck of the humerus. It is the prime anterior stabiliser of the shoulder in the 90° abducted

information. The hip series is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiograph of the hip joint. The series is requested for a myriad of reasons

or injury in the arm or forearm, pathology of the brachial plexus, to cervical stenosis at the level of the spine). An inability to flex the fingers after

activity influence the relationship between low back pain and obesity? The Spine Journal : Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 2014 Feb;14(2):209-216

muscles; the anterior superior iliac spine, caused by pull of the tensor fascia lata; the iliac crest, by the pull of abdominal muscles; and the anterior

structure of the body wall or limbs. A number of structures in the lumbar spine are capable of nociception including the lumbar zygapophysial joints, intervertebral

may be lumbosacral spine tenderness and pain over the lateral aspect of the sacrum. There is pubic rami tenderness in the presence of associated pubic rami

angle of the scapula, iliac crest, and the spinous processes of the seventh thoracic to the fifth lumbar vertebrae. It inserts on the floor of the intertubercular

midline of the trunk posteriorly, across the buttock, through the lateral side of the thigh, the lateral side of the leg, and the medial side of the dorsum