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greater trochanter of femur Action Abducts & externally rotates the extended hip and abducts the flexed thigh at the hip, and stabilises the hip during walking

First layer of the muscles of the sole (abductor digiti minimi visible at center right). Abductor Digiti Minimi (Foot) Muscle Type Origin Plantar aponeurosis

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb

oblique line on the lateral facet. Abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial/internal rotation and flexion of the hip (anterior fibers)

Nerves to perineum and levator ani Yoo et al.. An appraisal of the short lateral rotators of the hip joint. Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) 2015. 28:800-12

This article is a stub. The muscle crosses the thigh obliquely from proximal and lateral to distal and medial.

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus

Femoris Muscle Type Origin Lateral edge of the tuberosity of the ischium Insertion Intertrochanteric crest Action lateral rotation and adduction of thigh

First layer of muscles of the sole of the foot (abductor hallucis visible at lower right) Abductor Hallucis Muscle Type Origin Medial process of calcaneal

trochanter of the femur Action Works in concert with gluteus medius: abduction of the hip; preventing adduction of the hip. Medial rotation of thigh. Synergists

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas major/psoas minor iliacus

Muscles of the sole of the foot. First layer. (Flexor digitorum brevis visible at center.) Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle Type Origin Calcaneus Insertion

adduction of the hip. Medial/internal rotation and flexion of the hip (anterior fibers). Extension and Lateral/external rotation of the hip (posterior

part of medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur Action Externally rotates and stabilises the hip Synergists External Obturator, Gemelli Muscles, Internal

v t e Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb Iliac region Iliopsoas psoas

This article is a stub. The iliopsoas muscle refers to the joined psoas and the iliacus muscles.

descends. It is the most superficial of the adductor muscles, and is innervated by the obturator nerve (L2-L4). Functionally, the gracilis muscle acts as a primary

This article is a stub. Loss of pelvic swing on walking.

This article is a stub. The psoas minor is functionally insignificant compared to its companion Psoas Major muscle, and is not universally present in all

This article is a stub. Loss of pelvic swing on walking.

article is a stub. The gluteus maximus muscle is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. During the normal gait, the hamstrings provide

Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscles C1 Joints: Median C1/2, C0/1, Ligaments: Transverse C1/2 ligament, Alar ligament Muscles: Prevertebral, sternomastoid

between sex and hip OA isn't clear. The prevalence of hip OA in patients with hip and/or groin pain presenting to primary care is 35%. Hip osteoarthritis

Transversus Abdominis muscles, and sensory supply to the anterior one third of the scrotum/labia and root of the penis/clitoris, as well as to the superior medial

muscles. It it connected to the linea aspera by an the intermuscular septum and to the supracondylar region of the femur by course fibrous bands. It inserts

information. The hip joint is a synovial joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip is a ball and socket joint. The ball is the spherical

strong indicator of discogenic pain. Determine the periodicity, time of onset, and mode of onset of the pain. Periodicity means the frequency of episodes, and

puncturing the aponeurosis of the external oblique approximately an inch above the superficial inguinal ring. In the journey between the oblique muscles of the

alignment of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints, and functional stability of the lumbopelvic region. Modification of activities of daily living

relaxed and if the elbows are close to the sides of the body. The angles of the elbows, hips, and knees should be around 90 degrees. The feet should be

should be aware of but not necessarily competent in. With the patient standing: Look at the spine from the side and from behind Look at the skin and natal

have the same pattern of weakness as dermatomyositis. However on biopsy there is necrosis of the muscle fibres. The myofibres are different in size which indicates

induced clonus of the ankle or wrist. Spasticity is prominent in the antigravity muscles (flexors of the upper extremities and extensors of the lower extremities)

cartilage of the opposing bone. The capsule attaches further up along the neck of the two opposing bones. The main role of the capsule is protection of the synovial

still missing information. A myotome is the group of muscles that a single spinal nerve innervates. Most muscles are innervated by more than one spinal

stabilising system of the spine refers to the integration of the deep stabilising muscles with other larger muscles groups. The deep stabilising system is a combination

90 degrees of flexion (triple flexion). The knees should be abducted to the width of the pelvis. Hip abduction corresponds to the width of the shoulders

and tethering of the nerve by the peroneus longus tendon in the peroneal tunnel. Compression at the level of the hip Compression at the popliteal fossa

internally rotating the leg Range of motion Hip flexors Hip Extensors Hip Abductors Hip Adductors Modified bent knee test - supine with hip and knee maximally

back is supplied by the medial branches of the upper thoracic dorsal rami, while the lower back is supplied by the lateral branches of the lower thoracic and

in the ball-in-socket hip joint. Distal to the hip, the shaft courses toward the knee. Just above the knee joint, the femur widens to form the medial and

Think of the hip with it's muscles as the rotator cuff of the lower limbs. Action: Hip abductors – 3 Glut medius, glut minimus, TFL Action: Hip extensors

separation of the iliac. While, at the same time the wider anterior end of the S3 segment moves upwards and also tends to separate the ilia. Clamping of the sacrum

longitudinal increased uptake along the posteromedial border of the tibia in the delayed phase (phase 3). There are normal findings on the flow phase (phase 1), and

in the shoulder; the deeper socket of the acetabulum and the supporting ligaments of the hip constrain the movement of the femur. This section is original

Relapsing polychondritis Sternoclavicular hyperostosis Septic arthritis of the chest wall Non-rheumatic systemic causes Osteoporotic fracture Neoplasms

obliquely oriented path with the target in the lower third of the muscle may be the safest and less painful. Puncture of quadratus, sciatic and posterior

presence of a pelvic tumour. With the patient standing and flexed at the hips, holding onto the exam table, place your hands on the superior edge of the iliac

Palpation: The MTP should be palpated perpendicular to the direction of the muscle fibre. When palpating over a firm or bony structure compress the muscle against

rotation occurs when the hip joint is extended because of the restricting function of the soft tissues. Maximal motion in the sagittal plane (hip flexion) was

hamstring muscles; the inferior pubic ramus by pull of the adductor muscles; the anterior superior iliac spine, caused by pull of the tensor fascia lata; the iliac

to the diseased side in the stance phase of the ipsilateral limb. The abductor lurch can also occur in the setting of a painful hip. By tilting the body

with involvement of the hip flexors and adductor muscles. The onset is typically characterised by severe pain in the low back, down the anterior thigh,

Consistent with the old saying, “we come into the world under the brim of the pelvis and go out through the neck of the femur,” hip fractures are indeed

Sensory innervation Skin of penis, clitoris, most of the perineum Motor innervation Muscles of the perineum

nerve results in Loss of flexion of the toes and inversion of the foot. Loss of sensation of the sole of the foot, inferior aspect of the toes, and nail beds

rami from the sciatic nerve where it divides into the tibial nerve which runs through the deep posterior compartment of the leg and divides into the lateral

band. The peri-trochanteric space contains the hip abductors: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata. In the "rotator cuff of the hip" there

within the psoas muscle. It contains the canterior rami of the T12 to L4 nerve roots. Only the femoral nerve can be reliably tested by EMG. The lateral

border of psoas major muscle, inferior through the anterior abdominal wall, anterior to quadratus lumborum muscle until the iliac crest, through the transversus

See the article on the myotomes for the segmental innervation of the muscles The following systems participate in the creation and coordination of muscle

contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles. For example during muscle strength testing of the agonist biceps muscles there is also contraction of the antagonist

activity of the muscle appears abnormal, with irregular patterns of muscle activation. In a myopathic EMG trace, the electrical activity of the muscle appears

avulsion of the inferior pole of the patella. The mechanism of injury is a forceful eccentric contraction of the quadriceps. Instead of rupturing the patellar

and is part of the lumbar plexus. It courses obliquely between the superficial and deep parts of the psoas muscle, and between the two layers of fascia over

swellings Look at the skin for pattern of bruising and rashes Assess gait (see hip) With the patient lying on couch: Look from the end of the couch for varus/valgus

posteromedial side of the legs, plantar region of the feet Motor: intrinsic foot muscles Symptoms: There may be atrophy of the intrinsic foot muscles due to compression

that the location of the infection was unifocal in 81% of cases. The thigh was the most common site of involvement, followed by the psoas muscle, then

sensation to the lateral plantar aspect of the foot, 5th toe, and lateral half of the 4th toe. It supplies motor innervation to the remaining foot muscles that

limb, the posterior or anterior chest wall, the abdominal wall, the lower limb girdle and the lower limb. The distribution of referred pain in the head

also the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus. It inserts into the posterior surface of the proximal tibia proximal to the soleal line. The muscle is unusual

determine if the individual has vascular EDS. Testing for vascular EDS should also be considered in the presence of a combination of the other “minor”

at the calcaneocuboid joint (Figure 1). The bones of the hindfoot are the talus (lower bone of the ankle joint) and the calcaneus (heel bone). The articulation

increase in the production of proteoglycans and collagen. The proteoglycan content leads to separation of the collagen and disorganisation of the matrix. The

"Ultrasound-guided hip arthrocentesis in the ED." Am J Emerg Med 25(1): 80-86. Shah K, Spear J, Nathanson LA, Mccauley J, Edlow JA. Does the presence of crystal arthritis

until relief of at least 90%. The control had the same but with triamcinolone 40mg. The outcomes were the same at 3 months, but the results of the prolotherapy

Identify the lateral border of the erector spinae muscle at the level of the superior margin of the iliac crest, which fuses laterally with the transverse

pain from irritation of the dura of the nerve root plus radicular pain from irritation of the nerve root itself. The severity of back pain does not correlate

involvement. The knee is the most common peripheral site of cancer. The most common peripheral site of cancer is the distal femur, followed by the proximal

fractures (fibula, posterior cortex of the tibia) Vascular abnormalities - entrapment of popliteal artery, endo-fibrosis of external iliac artery, aneurysm

article is a stub. Martin R, Martin HD, Kivlan BR. NERVE ENTRAPMENT IN THE HIP REGION: CURRENT CONCEPTS REVIEW. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(7):1163-1173

joint, or hip joint Lumbar Radicular Pain (L4) Lumbar plexopathy - weakness of hip adductors and flexors, abdominal wall pain Stress fracture of femur Avulsion

strum the strings harder or turn up the amplifier. The strings in the guitar are equivalent to all the different nerves in different parts of the body.

rupture. The piriformis muscle runs from the anterior costotransverse bars of S2-4 and inserts onto the piriformis fossa which is on the anterior part of the

This article is a stub. Core muscle injury - Kraeutler 2021.pdf - 2.22 MB (f)

Nerve Nerve Type Mixed nerve Origin T12 Course Along the lower border of the twelfth rib and under the lateral lumbocostal arch. Major Branches Often communicates

impact to the greater trochanter has a high probability of hip fracture., regardless of these factors, or even the fragility of the bone within the proximal

Tunnel Syndrome Posterior Ankle Impingement Referred Pain from the lumbar spine Complications of acute ankle injuries Os tibiale externum (accessory navicular)

fracture Posterior thigh compartment syndrome Myositis ossificans of the hamstring muscle Pelvic bone tumours Iliac artery endofibrosis Apophysitis or avulsion

Intrapartum injuries to the lumbosacral plexus generally involve the lumbar part of the plexus. This is due to its position above the pelvic brim rendering

considering tendinopathy. The common classic sites of enthesopathy about the hip are: Iliopsoas insertion to the lesser trochanter of the femur Rectus femoris

single x-ray of the pelvis to include the iliac crests and pubic symphysis. It allows assessment of general pelvic pathology, the sacrum, some of the lower lumbar

to sit on the posterior thighs rather than the ischium. Repeated hamstring stretches should be avoided in the early reactive phase. Also the patient should

entrapment. The iliopubic tract (IPT): This is a region of dense connective tissue. It is at the junction of the anterior lamina of the iliac fascia, and the transversalis

Soft tissue injuries Occult cervical spine fracture or instability Tumours of the neck, hypopharynx, or lung apex. Sialadenitis Odontogenic pain Temporomandibular

dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most prevalent forms of muscular dystrophy. The name refers to how FSHD affects muscles of the face (facio), scapula (scapulo)

Posterior division of the ventral rami of S1 and S2 Course Remains within the pelvic cavity and pierces the anterior surface of the piriformis muscle. Motor innervation

This article is still missing information. The GALS (Gait-Arms-Legs-Spine) is a screening examination of the musculoskeletal system. Do you have any pain

perineal deep posterior scrotal♂ / labial♀ dorsal of the penis♂ / clitoris♀ anococcygeal Related Nerve supply of the human leg

osteoarthritis of the ankle joint when compared to other sites such as the knee, hip, and hand. Main article: Tibiotalar Joint (Talocrural Joint) The tibiotalar

branch at the level of the inguinal ligament in 86% of cases. It has a variable exit out of the abdomen. 4% of the time it is posterior to the ASIS across

above the superior aspect of the calcaneum Insertional Achilles tendinopathy - the pain occurs within the first 2cm of the insertion point on the calcaneum

be aware of but not necessarily competent in. With the patient lying supine on couch: Look at dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot Feel the skin temperature

occur in the remaining stance phase. Lengthens the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle force about the centre of rotation of the knee, increasing the mechanics

This category uses the form Joint.

displacement of the ulna. The primary flexor of the elbow is the brachialis, which arises from the anterior aspect of the humerus and inserts on the anterior

men, with 18% of women over the age of 60 and 10% of men over the age of 60 experiencing symptoms of OA. In New Zealand, the prevalence of OA is approximately

impingement of the L5 nerve root between the L5 transverse process and the ala of the sacrum Degenerative scoliosis with tilting of L5 and depression of the concave

within 2cm of the centre of the sacrum. When the C7 plumb line sits to the left of the sacrum there is a negative coronal balance, when it sits to the right

worsening of the infection there may be focal pain, reduced activity, and features on exam of infection. Osteonecrosis: Perthes disease of the hip is the classic

and the back muscles need to help during heavy lifts. The disc fails by horizontal tears across the middle of the posterior AF or by avulsion of the AP

activity in the dysfunctional area. The osteopathic TART perspective views changes depending on the chronicity of the condition. Some of the changes relate

mononeuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve or of one of its branches in the tarsal tunnel. It is analogous to carpal tunnel syndrome of the wrist. The tarsal

supply of the dorsal rami, nerve root anomalies, and the presence of a furcal nerve. The furcal nerve is the most common cause of double nerve root contribution

1): The epiphysis is the region of bone adjacent to the joint surface. Below it lies the physis, the area where growth occurs. Distal to that is the metaphysis

normal contours of the shoulder, but gross deformity is rare. Important elements of the history include the mechanism of injury. In the case of a fall, for

neurological disorders. The aim of the clinical examination is to assess the rigidity of the curve. The kyphosis of type I SD is present in the thoracic or thoracolumbar

Upper Limb Anatomy Biomechanics Biomechanics of the Lower Limb Biomechanics of the Spine Biomechanics of the Upper Limb Bone Biomechanics Cartilage Biomechanics