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First Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) Joint Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis of the radiocarpal joint Ganglia Radial sensory

Zygapophyseal joint pain (~40%) Cervical disc pain (~40%) Combined ZA joint and disc pain (~20%) Systemic causes such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing

aberrant joint mechanics. Joint Injury and Labral Tears Joint injury is well-established as a risk factor for OA development in other joints, such as ACL

Idiopathic: Fibromyalgia, Degenerative myopathies, Small Fibre Neuropathy Primary Joint disease: Osteoarthritis Neoplastic disease: Metastases, Multiple myeloma

disruption, facet joint pain, and sacroiliac joint pain. A specialised examination sequence has been developed to detect sacroiliac joint pain (known as the

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Synovial Chondromatosis Referred Pain - Hip Joint, Lumbosacral spine pathology Neoplasm - soft tissue, intraosseous Lateral

First Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) Joint Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis of the radiocarpal joint Ganglia Radial sensory

medial branch blocks to assess for facet joint mediated pain, or sacroiliac joint blocks to assess for sacroiliac joint pain. In both these of these peripheral

exists between rows either at the radiocarpal joint (e.g. radiocarpal fracture dislocations), or midcarpal joint (e.g. midcarpal instability) Carpal Instability

involved in this joint are the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. The ulna, the other bone in the forearm, is not directly involved in the joint but contributes

Surgeons criteria for their first operation Zygoapophyseal joint The prevalence of facet joint pain in postsurgical patients with chronic low back pain has

the joint Use a linear probe, or in obese patients a curvilinear probe. Identify adjacent neurovascular structures Identify the anterior hip joint in a

First Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) Joint Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis of the radiocarpal joint Ganglia Radial sensory

article is still missing information. The tibiotalar joint, also known as the ankle joint or talocrural joint, is formed by the junction between the distal tibia

osteoarthritis. The scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) joint is also known as the triscaphe joint. It is a joint that is shared between the scaphoid, trapezium

within the joints in mobile coccyges. Coccygeal disorders: fracture or dislocation, sacrococcygeal joint hyper or hypomobility, coccygeal joint hypermobility

degenerative change at the facet joints and disc. This analogy could also explain the increased rate of contralateral facet joint arthrosis in unilateral type

therefore doesn't cross the knee and so can't have any action on the knee joint. In this view the anterior fibres are active in extension and the posterior

Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis Synovial Chondromatosis Referred Pain - Hip Joint, Lumbosacral spine pathology Neoplasm - soft tissue, intraosseous Lateral

it has only been used to treat chronic facet joint mediated pain in those who have confirmed facet joint pain as diagnosed by medial branch blocks. More

Lumbar Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joint Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Planar Joint Bones Vertebra Ligaments Capsular Ligament Muscles Innervation

This article is a stub. Literature Review Reviews from the last 7 years: review articles, free review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, NCBI

Cervical Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joint Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Planar Joint Bones Ligaments Muscles Innervation Vasculature ROM Volume

missing information. The talocalcaneal joint, also called the clinical subtalar joint, is an important and complex joint in the hindfoot that allows articulation

clinical judgement. Joint hypermobility refers to ligamentous laxity where joints move beyond a range that is considered normal for the joint in the context

fluoroscopic guidance. Joint access is not always straightforward and failure to enter the joint is common. See Sacroiliac Joint Precision Treatment for

Sternoclavicular Joint Pain and Instability Sternoclavicular Joint Injection Epperson & Varacallo. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Sternoclavicular Joint. 2021

occurs at the joint is compression. When muscles act on the joint to move the joint they also exert a compression load across the joint space. The two

are a variety of two-joint muscles. Two-joint muscles function most effectively at one joint when the position of the other joint stretches the muscle

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

sacrum forms a joint with each ilium bone. The purpose of the sacroiliac joint has been a topic of debate. Some authors have dismissed the joint as having little

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

article: Sacroiliac Joint Anatomy The sacroiliac joint is a diarthrodial synovial joint, and only the anterior aspect is a true synovial joint. The posterior

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

each facet joint receives dual innervation from two different medial branches, in order to eliminate all sensory supply to a particular facet joint, you need

Idiopathic: Fibromyalgia, Degenerative myopathies, Small Fibre Neuropathy Primary Joint disease: Osteoarthritis Neoplastic disease: Metastases, Multiple myeloma

See Sternoclavicular Joint Anatomy for a review of the anatomy See also: Sternoclavicular Joint Anatomy The Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) is inherently unstable

superior tibio-fibular joint, or other bony, ligamentous, tendinous, or adnexial structure. Posterior pain can arise from the joint itself, or from extra-articular

deformity of flexion at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and hyperextension at the DIP joint. The extensor digitorum communis extends the four lesser

The medial growth plate fuses late in ones early 20s. The AC joint is a diarthrodial joint with a fibrocartilage meniscus. The ligamentous restraints are

(most common) Zygapophysial joint pain Discogenic pain Interspinous ligament pain Costovertebral joint pain Costotransverse joint pain Fracture Infection Malignancy

Myllynen P, Harilainen A, Grönlund G. Lumbar facet joint syndrome. A randomised clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989 Aug;71(4):681-4. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X

prevalence of back pain in children who have idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79:364-8. Ma, Hsuan-Hsiao et al. “Application of two-parameter

Lisfranc joint injury (fracture or dislocation) Osteoid osteoma CRPS Corns, calluses Onychocryptosis Synovitis of the MTP joints First MTP joint sprain Subungual

reduced arthritic complications and reduced joint stiffness associated with calcaneocuboid fusion. Unfortunately, joint fusion has an inherent loss of mobility

ilioinguinal, or genitofemoral nerves Referred lumbar spine or sacroiliac joint pain Prostatitis UTIs Gynaecological conditions Testicular tumour Osteoid

atlanto-axial joint, assumes a variable relationship to the cavity of the joint, some authors report that it runs exactly parallel to the line of the joint, while

Pain or Somatic Referred Pain, myofascial structures, superior tibiofibular joint, baker's cyst, knee posterior cruciate ligament, knee posterior capsular

Arthritis (RA, hydroxyapatite deposition, Spondyloarthritis) Acromioclavicular Joint Osteoarthritis or separation Shoulder Labral Tear Quadrilateral Space Syndrome

Keinbock’s disease I = Lunotriquetral ligament tear J = DRUJ (distal radioulnar joint) arthritis / instability K = Ulnar impaction / TFCC tear L = ECU dislocation

plantar to the cuboid, lateral to the calcaneus, or at the calcaneocuboid joint.It is a factor in the development of os peroneum syndrome. Part or all of

kinetic chain, and increase the risk of injury. Neutral joint positions, known as "functional joint centration" in DNS terminology is a key concept in DNS

instability, medial ligament sprain, syndesmosis sprain (AITFL sprain), subtalar joint sprain Tendon injuries - chronic peroneal tendon weakness, peroneal tendon

(Cervical spine, Upper thoracic spine, Myofascial) Synovitis of the radiohumeral joint Radiohumeral bursitis Radial Head Fractures Radial Head Dislocation Capitellar

leading to potential joint damage and abnormal movement patterns. The high density of gamma-muscle spindles in the cranio-cervical joint, crucial for optimal

experiencing pain due to secondary diseases such as spinal or peripheral joint osteoarthritis. Although this pain may be exacerbated by akinesia and rigidity

across the MCP joint and produce MCP joint flexion contractures leading to reduced extension of the affected digit. Cords that cross the PIP joint can cause

sensory function i.e. pain and temperature for small-fibre involvement; and joint position and vibration for large-fibre involvement. However some patients

tenderness Rotation testing Bony landmarks: Iliac crest, PSIS, LPSL, sacroiliac joint Soft tissue: sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments, gluteus medius and

These transverse fissures facilitate axial rotation, they are effectively joint spaces between the vertebral bodies. The nucleus pulposus is not innervated

First Carpometacarpal Joint (Trapeziometacarpal Joint) Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Saddle Joint Bones Trapezium, Metacarpal Ligaments Capsule

This article is a stub. Primary cartilaginous joints are known as "synchondrosis" Secondary cartilaginous joints are known as "symphysis"

transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the

license. A planar joint, or gliding joint, is defined as an articulation between bones that are both flat and of similar size. This type of joint is multiaxial

Pain Low Back Pain Sacroiliac Pain Coccydynia Upper Limbs Sternoclavicular Joint Pain Shoulder Pain and Instability Elbow Pain Wrist Pain and Instability

This article is a stub. Coracoclavicular joint pain is a rare cause of shoulder pain. The joint itself is anomalous and only found is approximately 10%

This article is a stub. The distal radioulnar joint is a pivot type synovial joint existing between the ulnar notch of the distal radius and the head of

injection of the TMC joint. A hypoechoic cleft is visualised between the trapezium (left) and first metacarpal (right) defining the joint space. The needle

This article is a stub. Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction Laslett et al.. Diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain: validity of individual provocation tests and composites

Discogenic pain, Facet joint pain, Hip disease, Spinal stenosis, Flail coccyx (coccydynia), S1 foraminal stenosis Sacroiliac Joint Pain Differential Diagnosis

This article is a stub. The proximal radioulnar joint is a pivot type synovial joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed

Sagittal section through the elbow joint Elbow Joint Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Hinge Joint Bones Humerus, Radius, Ulna Ligaments Capsule

through the glenohumeral joint Glenohumeral Joint Synonym Shoulder joint Primary Type Synovial Joint Secondary Type Ball and Socket Joint Bones Scapula, Humerus

acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is formed by the junction between the acromion process of the scapula and the distal clavicle. It is a plane synovial joint and forms

another. It is a type of Synovial Joint. This type of joint is biaxial, and one example is the first carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium (carpal)

license. A pivot joint is an articulation within a ligamentous ring between the rounded end of one bone and another bone. This type of joint is uniaxial because

CC-BY license. A hinge joint is an articulation between the convex end of one bone and the concave end of another. This type of joint is uniaxial because

necessarily standard practice in NZ. Sacroiliac joint prolotherapy is sometimes used to treat sacroiliac joint pain. Protocols vary for this procedure. Cusi

subject to the compatible CC-BY license. A condyloid joint, or an ellipsoid joint, is a type of synovial joint. It is defined as an articulation between the shallow

Osteoarthritis - joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis and cysts, osteophytes. Capsule hypertrophy is often prominent and can mimic neoplasm. Posttraumatic

topics of sternoclavicular joint pain and sternoclavicular joint anatomy are addressed elsewhere. The sternoclavicular joint has a small meniscus which

d (STT) or triscaphe joint is the joint that is shared between the scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid wrist bones. The STT joint may communicate with the

socket joint is an articulation between the rounded head of one bone (ball) and the concavity of another (socket). It is a type of synovial joint. This

Cervical Facet Joint Injection Indication

SDyndrome Joint Hypermobility in Myopathies - Voermans 2009.pdf - 462 KB (f) Tofts et al.. The differential diagnosis of children with joint hypermobility:

(Cervical spine, Upper thoracic spine, Myofascial) Synovitis of the radiohumeral joint Radiohumeral bursitis Radial Head Fractures Radial Head Dislocation Capitellar

feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in Osteoarthritis. Two collateral ligaments These strengthen the capsule

missing information. Joint mobilisation refers to a therapeutic passive motion of a painful or dysfunctional peripheral or axial joint. Mobilisation under

missing information. Main article: Ankle Joint Anatomy The ankle joint, or tibiotalar joint, is a hinged synovial joint. It is created by the articulation of

single interphalangeal joint. The lateral four times have both a proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. All of these joints have a similar concave-convex

This article is a stub. Sacroiliac Joint Pain can have a variable distribution. Buttock, PSIS pain is present in 94%, lower lumbar pain in 72%, groin pain

This article is a stub. Infection, uncontrolled coagulopathy, joint prosthesis, poor response to previous injections. Allergy to eggs or feathers is a

the joint is accessed anteriorly optimise imaging field and using the metal rod, mark the skin at the target entry at the midpoint of the joint clean

two joint structure composed of the tibiofemoral joint (modified Hinge Joint) and the patellofemoral joint (Saddle Joint) and is the largest joint in the

articulate with the axis (C2), forming the atlanto-axial joint. Through the atlanto-axial joint the load from the head is transmitted to the rest of the

evaluating minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion with the iFUSE implant system for confirmed sacroiliac joint pain based on a positive diagnostic block

hence the joint is biconvex. The spaces in the anterior and posterior aspects are filled with intra-articular meniscoids. The atlanto-axial joint provides

See also: Shoulder_Biomechanics#Glenohumeral_Joint The glenohumeral joint is a synovial diarthrodial joint where the humeral head articulates with the glenoid

intertarsal joints include the three cuneonavicular joints, the intercuneiform joints, the cuboideonavicular joint, and the cuneocuboid joint. The tarsometatarsal

within a tendon After injection move joint gently to disperse the injectate throughout the joint Advise that the joint may be painful for up to 24 hours post

compressive forces on the glenohumeral joint and by eccentric contraction. The glenohumeral joint is a major load-bearing joint with forces equivalent to one-half

they feel it most often. Midinguinal region think of hip joint. Medial groin also think hip joint but also consider adductors, symphysis pubis, etc. Hip

and subtalar joint instability Harries-Beth, Broden, lateral oblique axial views. These can allows proper assessment of the subtalar joint Hindfoot alignment

short and long head tendon) flexes knee joint laterally rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed) extends hip joint (long head only) external rotation of

spine Referred Lumbar Spine or Sacroiliac Joint pain Hip joint causes Hip joint osteoarthritis Other hip joint causes Extra-articular hip causes Gluteus

through the earlobe, shoulder joint, hip joint, greater trochanter of the femur, slightly anterior to the midline knee joint, and finally to the lateral

overlies the subchondral bone, a synovial membrane, a fibrous joint capsule, and a joint space (1-2mL). Histological studies have shown encapsulated and

tumours Inguinal lymphadenopathy Posterior pain Hip Osteoarthritis Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Lumbar Somatic Referred Pain Lumbar Radicular Pain Hamstring

muscle spindle monitors the length of the muscle. Joint receptors sense the end range of position of the joint. The stretch reflex through the muscle spindles

sacroiliac joints. On AP plain films there is a well defined triangular area of sclerosis on the iliac aspect of the bilateral sacroiliac joints. The joint space

dorsum of the wrist, emanating from the scapholunate joint. Cysts found at the DIP joint or IP joint of the thumb are denoted as “mucous cysts” and are associated

next phase of compression. It also provides a smooth surface over which a joint can glide. Articular cartilage is on average 2 to 4mm thick (retropatellar

ankle joint when compared to other sites such as the knee, hip, and hand. Main article: Tibiotalar Joint (Talocrural Joint) The tibiotalar joint, also

the patellofemoral joint force can shift laterally. Knee Joint Freeman & Pinskerova. The movement of the normal tibio-femoral joint. Journal of biomechanics

a stub. Thoracic facet joint pain is felt in the parasagittal region and doesn't cross the midline. Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joint Pain Patterns - Dreyfuss

Mechanical Low Back Pain (97%) Internal disc disruption Facet joint pain Sacroiliac joint pain Sacroiliac ligament pain Torsion injuries Vertebral or sacral

transmit mechanical signals from the joint to the central nervous system. The signals can be low-intensity such as in joint movement leading to the activation

Elbow osteoarthritis is extremely rare due to it being a non-weight bearing joint. Risk factors include intraarticular fractures, avulsion injury to the humeral

example fracture of a shaft leading to a joint can result in abnormal forces on the joint, and fracture of a joint itself altering its shape altering the

is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiograph of the hip joint. The series is requested for a myriad of reasons from trauma to atraumatic

longitudinal arch. Inverts the subtalar joint during mid and late stance which results in locking of the transverse tarsal joint providing rigidity to the foot

facet joints, and sacroiliac joints (table 1). Internal disc disruption fulfils postulates 1, 3, and 4. Sacroiliac joint and zygapophysial joint pain fulfils

disease activity as well as joint damage. Any functional disability from joint damage is irreversible. Most autoantibodies are not joint-specific. Autoantibodies

landmark guided injections for the glenohumeral joint, subacromial space, biceps tendon sheath, joints of the hand and wrist, knee, ankle, and foot. Daniels

occipito-atlanto-axial joint complex, and the sub-axial spine. Upper occipito-atlanto-axial joint complex Multiple synovial joints with strong transverse

decreasing order is periosteum, ligament, joint capsule, tendon, fascia, muscle. Pain from muscles tend to refer to the joint on which it acts. Spinal structures

Coccygeal disorders: fracture or dislocation, sacrococcygeal joint hyper or hypomobility, coccygeal joint hypermobility, bone spicule Referred spinal pain Pelvic

associated with decreased joint stability and an increased likelihood of anterior dislocation of the head of the femur (see Hip Joint). Unlike capsular tissue

hypomobility. She had tenderness of the left temporomandibular joint line with a positive joint compression test, as well as tenderness of the left masseter

hinged joints. The proximal radioulnar articulation allows forearm pronation and supination and is classified as a trochoid joint. The elbow joint complex

jpg Media:Cervical_Zygapophysial_Joint_Pain_Maps_-_Cooper_2007.pdf 61 symptomatic patients with suspected facet joint pain. Pain reproduced by injection

assessment for ligamentous integrity and joint space widening. Curtis, M. J., Myerson, M. & Szura, B. Tarsometatarsal joint injuries in the athlete. Am. J. Sports

the bone or pulls the bone away from the joint. This is no problem in a normal, stable joint, but when the joint becomes unstable, as in a patient with rheumatoid

age. The terms osteoarthrosis and degenerative joint disease refer to changes seen in the facet joints. However again, these are morphological consequences

posterior joint capsule (contributing to the oblique popliteal ligament), popliteal fascia and posterior horn of medial meniscus Action Flexes knee joint, medially

Myositis ossificans Referred pain from upper lumbar spine, sacroiliac joint, or hip joint Lumbar Radicular Pain (L4) Lumbar plexopathy - weakness of hip adductors

one the sacroiliac joints should be symmetrical, joint space range 2-4 mm the symphysis pubis joint space should be ≤5 mm if either joint space is widened

other diagnosis, as a screen for intra-osseous pathology Compression of the joint reproduces pain – as a screen for intra-articular pathology Instability shown

Ganglion Cyst Fracture Malunion Hardware Complications Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability Carpal Translocation Madelung Deformity Differential Diagnosis

inject steroids into a joint that you suspect is already infected Relative Contraindications: Overlying cellulitis Coagulopathy Joint prosthesis (refer to

deformity, and tenderness around the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, similar to an AC joint separation. A neurovascular and respiratory exam is critical

TFCC include: Differential Diagnosis Arthritis DRUJ ulnocarpal joint pisotriquetral joint Chondral injury (e.g., acute, ulnar impaction) Fracture: hook

the only validated tool for diagnosing lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Each zygapophysial joint is innervated by two nerves and so both need to be anaesthetised

evidence from post-mortem studies or biomechanical studies, e.g. with facet joint pain. Identified in patients: The structure should be a source of pain in

olecranon, lateral epicondyle, radial head Palpate elbow joint line: olecranon fossa, olecranon-humeral joint line Palpate ligaments and tendons: medial and lateral

involve the ankle joint. Some residual ankle arthrosis is therefore not uncommon, even if the bone heals perfectly. The ankle joint is made up of the tibia

to the joint capsule, collateral capsular ligaments, and the flexor-tendon complexes coursing on either side. The soft tissues stabilise the joint allowing

From the front prominent sternoclavicular joint prominent acromiclavicular joint From the side swelling of the joint From behind scapulae normally shaped and

superior tibia Action flexes knee joint, medially rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed beyond 90 degrees), extends hip joint (less than biceps femoris)

coming from a facet joint versus a costotransverse joint versus a costovertebral joint versus a disc versus a ligament. Furthermore the joints are very small

central hip joint from the periphery, keeps the synovial fluid within the central compartment, and creates a negative pressure within the joint. It increases

28° in sagittal and transverse planes 2. No disc 1.  C1 has convex facet joint surface (allow C1 facet to slide in AP direction over C2) 2. No disc 3.  Transverse

Quervain Syndrome Scaphoid fracture Osteoarthritis of the first metacarpal joint Ganglion cyst Wartenderg syndrome Sprain Rest - The condition is commonly

Ischiofemoral impingement Referred pain Referred lumbar spine pain Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Neurological "Hamstring syndrome" Nerve entrapment of posterior

the lateral atlanto-axial joints, the joint gets innervation from both the ventral and dorsal side. Therefore for this joint, the technique is infiltration

Palpation from side Knee is now flexed Landmarks (lower pole patella is right in joint margin between medial femoral condyle, flat tibial plateau, lateral femoral

adhering partially to the posterior joint capsule and the remaining tendon bulk passing the joint. Distal to the MCP joint, the extensor tendons flatten and

Sacroiliac joint pain and sciatica are the two main differential diagnoses. A particular note must be made about the gold standard for sacroiliac joint pain

long head tendon) Action flexes knee joint laterally rotates knee joint (when the knee is flexed) extends hip joint (long head only) external rotation of

months Recurrent joint dislocations or frank joint instability, in the absence of trauma (a or b) ≥3 atraumatic dislocations in same joint or ≥2 more atraumatic

- transverse process - Facet joint: IAP, SAP (articular process above and below connect via facet joints. Synovial joint) - Lamina: - Spinous process -

atlanto-occipital joint and then enters the cervical plexus. The C2 spinal nerve is located behind the lateral atlanto-occipital joint. The dorsal ramus

wasting – disuse, pelvic tilt from scoliosis Gait: Supine: Leg length Anterior joint line: over head of femur: fingers below inguinal lig and lateral to femoral

entrapment [ joint has a fibrous meniscoid- fibrous extension of capsule covered by synovium. If joint distracted, meniscoid could be trapped outside joint under

synovial joints is highly effective, allowing various intensities and durations of loads with relatively little wear over the lifetime of the joint. The coefficient

plantar fasciitis, insertional Achilles tendonitis). This is compared to small joint symmetrical arthritis in Rheumatoid Arthritis. The assessment includes Disease

stabilization of the joint. Apart from cases with gross malalignment of the glenoid articular surface or an unstable gleno-humeral joint, it is reasonable

articulates posteriorly with two thoracic vertebrae; by the costovertebral joint. An exception to this rule is that the first rib articulates with the first

remains necrotic, leading to fracture, progressive collapse, joint incongruity, and joint destruction. The most commonly affected regions are the femoral

of hereditary connective tissue disorders. The predominant features are joint hypermobility, abnormal skin texture and repair, and tissue and vascular

pain ruled out first (internal disc disruption, zygapophysial joint pain, and sacroiliac joint pain where appropriate). Furthermore we also need to see studies

effect lasts about one week. Theoretically all pain arising from the facet joint, musculature, or both should be blocked.. By using CT (Miyakoshi et al),

is a device that replaces function. Orthoses provide support to prevent joint movement past normal or target range. They can be used in a wide variety

dorsiflexion the metatarsal head surface contact area shifts dorsally as joint compression occurs. This is the reason for dorsal osteophyte formation and

Rheumatic fever Systemic lupus erythematosus Viral arthritis Lyme disease Joint Aspiration Differential Diagnosis Checklists

good overview of the various acquired and heritable neuromuscular disorders Joint Hypermobility in Myopathies - Voermans 2009.pdf - 462 KB (f) Approach to

atlanto-axial (C1-2) joint - 7%. C3/4 - 6%. Putative Osteoarthrosis of upper cervical spine joints (Median C1-2 joint and C0-C1 joints). Refuted Occipital

Pain Low Back Pain Sacroiliac Pain Coccydynia Upper Limbs Sternoclavicular Joint Pain Shoulder Pain and Instability Elbow Pain Wrist Pain and Instability

200-50,000 >1,100 (prosthetic joint) >25,000; LR=2.9 >50,000; LR=7.7 >100,000; LR=28 PMN <25% <25% >50% >64% (prosthetic joint) >90% Culture Neg Neg Neg >50%

nerve. If the nerve could not be identified then ensure it is over the C2-3 joint. Aspirate for blood Inject 0.9mL of local anaesthetic. Position: Lateral

JJ, Guermazi A, Loeser RF. Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults

spinal canal. These changes alter the loading of the facet joints, which leads to facet joint osteophytosis. The anteroposterior diameter of the canal is

interphalangeal joint (PIP); and the articulation of the middle and distal phalanges forms the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP). These are hinge joints, capable

Feel/palpate the mid-foot, ankle joint line and subtalar joint Assess movement (actively and passively) at the subtalar joint (inversion and eversion), the

ligament attachment, as compared to the epiphysis which contributes to a joint, and for that reason, it is also called 'traction epiphysis'. When unfused

overlying the joint. Move probe cranially to allow needle to enter skin Enter joint space in plane with 23G needle Inject solution into joint space Damage

clavicle and acromion. Type IV: Joint - abduction and internal rotation contractures secondary to degenerative or inflammatory joint disease or other, avascular

medial branches of the dorsal ramus of C2. It arises behind the C1/C2 lateral joint. The nerve arches downwards below the inferior oblique muscle, then upwards

increase surface area to reduce load. This can be be a normal joint with excessive load, or joint where the capacity to bear loads is compromised by degradation

fingers wide should your mouth open? 6 What other joint or joint complex should you examine? 7 Does joint effusion on MRI correlate with pain? Zawawi KH,

site Identify lateral to the spinous process the multifidus muscle, facet joint, transverse process, iliac crest, and the pseudoarthrosis of the L5 transverse

osteoarthrosis Somatic Referred Pain from the Lumbar Spine or Sacroiliac Joints Calcific Tendinopathy of the abductor tendons Meralgia paresthetica Snapping

Pain Low Back Pain Sacroiliac Pain Coccydynia Upper Limbs Sternoclavicular Joint Pain Shoulder Pain and Instability Elbow Pain Wrist Pain and Instability

tone and non-neurologic restrictions to movement e.g. from contractures and joint disease), and strength testing. See the article on the myotomes for the segmental

occurs at three joints: the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP); the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP); and the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP). Flexion

movements at the subtalar joint are congenitally blocked by tarsal coalition, then the ankle joint remodels into a ball-and-socket joint to allow inversion and

Pubic Symphysis Primary Type Cartilaginous Joint Secondary Type Symphysis Bones Ligaments Muscles Innervation Vasculature ROM Volume Conditions

disease) Facet joint (OA, hypertrophy, cyst, rotational instability) Degenerative spondylolisthesis - the vertebral body and inferior facet joints displace anteriorly

best treatment is unknown. The plicae are embryonic remnants of the normal joint compartment separations that fold inwards and are present in most knees.

intervertebral joint Upon release of traction, but before reloading of body weight, there is a residual 0.1mm residual separation per intervertebral joint. There

Disorder of the synovial joints of the cervical spine (zygapophyseal joints and atlanto-axial joints), characterised by osteophytes, joint narrowing, and subchondral

are the tarsal-metatarsal joints (midfoot), the transverse tarsal joint (hindfoot just in front of the ankle), and the ankle joint. According to the neurotraumatic

talocrural (ankle) joint and ends at the calcaneocuboid joint (Figure 1). The bones of the hindfoot are the talus (lower bone of the ankle joint) and the calcaneus

fat pad is the primary adipose structure within the knee joint. It is found between the joint capsule anteriorly and the synovial membrane posteriorly

Lumbar spine movement Temporomandibular joint movement Sterno-clavicular, gleno-humeral, and acromio-clavicular joint movement Elbow extension Inspection Pronation

changes are seen, most prominent at the affected level, including facet joint hypertrophy, disc herniation, and spondylolisthesis. On MRI gadolinium administration

subluxation of the lateral atlanto-axial joint leading to occipital pain. The C2 ventral ramus sits dorsal to the joint and is impinged against bone. The symptoms

septic arthritis Unexplained arthritis with synovial effusion Evaluation of joint capsule integrity if overlying laceration Relative: therapeutic (decrease

two thirds of the joint is the synovial section and does not show changes. Joint capsule ossification can occur of the anterior joint which can resemble

glenohumeral joint (shoulder) The tendon sheath is continuous with the glenohumeral joint. And so fluid in the sheath may indicate glenohumeral joint pathology

the femur and iliotibial tract External rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity

There is the development of thickened, fibrosed joint capsule with subsequent contraction of the joint and reduced articular volume. The exact cause is

Pain Low Back Pain Sacroiliac Pain Coccydynia Upper Limbs Sternoclavicular Joint Pain Shoulder Pain and Instability Elbow Pain Wrist Pain and Instability

just medial to the joint on the anterior aspect of the subscapularis. It then courses posteriorly, inferior to the glenohumeral joint. This nerve is susceptible

trapped in the joint. The joint should be carefully evaluated on lateral radiographs to ensure that the fragment is not trapped and that the joint is congruous

fibrocartilaginous joint that connects the apex of the sacrum to the coccyx. Movement is passive minor flexion and extension and the joint typically fuses

(American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians) Guidelines for Facet Joint Interventions IPM 2013 Guidelines for Interventional Techniques in Chronic

rigid anatomical fixation to maintain joint congruency and biomechanical function of the joint. Restoration of joint alignment helps prevent the development

Pain Low Back Pain Sacroiliac Pain Coccydynia Upper Limbs Sternoclavicular Joint Pain Shoulder Pain and Instability Elbow Pain Wrist Pain and Instability

Passes down the ischium and posterior to the hip joint. Sensory innervation Sensory branch to hip joint Motor innervation Quadratus Femoris, Inferior Gemellus

may not be located near the metacarpophalangeal joint, but the injury may still have damaged the joint capsule. Look closely for this, as it requires prompt

end stage radiographic changes include joint space narrowing and arthritis of the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints. Advanced imaging studies are also useful

unstable hip joint are treated surgically, in hopes of reconstructing the articular surface. If the reconstructed joint will not allow early hip joint range of

10mL syringe. Joint Infiltrate the skin and capsule with local anaesthetic but not the joint space Inject into the joint space or joint structure with

identify the pain source. For example ruptures of the capsule of a facet joint in the cervical spine from whiplash cannot be identified on imaging.

knee joint, which allows for flexion and extension of the lower leg. Distally, the tibia and fibula articulate with the talus at the ankle joint, which

Sacroiliac Joint Arthrodesis Compared with Conservative Management for Chronic Low Back Pain Attributed to the Sacroiliac Joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019

the sagittal plane. This motion occurs primarily at the talocrural joint. Major joints of the ankle/foot (talocrural, subtalar, midtarsal) have axes of motion

the side. The joint space seen is only the ventral aspect of the joint, the rest of the joint projects laterally and is covered by the superior articular

think that the catching is located in their interphalangeal joint or proximal interphalangeal joint. This can be disproven by palpating the A1 pulley for pain

undertaken to determine whether the open injury communicates with the joint. If the joint has been violated the injury should be treated with urgent administration

has variable attachments and crosses two joints while the deep layer has talar attachments and crosses one joint: It is a strong triangular band attached

absorption, joint stabilization, and lubrication. Both the medial and the lateral menisci are comprised of an outer fibrous rim that blends with the joint capsule

verbal consent to examine Be aware of normal variants in leg alignment, joint range, gait, developmental milestones Look for: Swellings, Rashes , Muscle

controversial. There are three main nerves that supply sensory input to the knee joint. The superior lateral, the superior medial, and the inferior medial genicular

films of the elbow and of the wrist usually suffice. The distal radio-ulnar joint should be assessed on the lateral film for dislocation. A fracture of the

A fascial band connects the calf muscles to the hamstrings at the knee joint, which subsequently attach to the lumbar fascia and the erector spinae muscle

or L3 radiculopathy, pelvic mass, superior gluteal nerve entrapment, hip joint pain, inguinal hernia, GTPS, femoral neuropathy. This iterative process continued

bilateral hip abductors as well as in bilateral hip joint osteoarthritis or other bilateral hip joint diseases such as bilateral congenital hip dislocation

levator ani Yoo et al.. An appraisal of the short lateral rotators of the hip joint. Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) 2015. 28:800-12. PMID: 26032283. DOI.

This article is still missing information. See also: Tibiotalar Joint (Talocrural Joint), Foot and Ankle Biomechanics For stability the anterior talofibular

Constitutional symptoms – fever, night sweats, weight loss, rash Back pain? Other joint involvement Previous injuries and treatments Medical history – any systemic

arise from pain, joint (bony restriction), muscle/ligament shortening, and joint capsules. Restraints are easier to test for large joints (hip, knee, shoulder

with movement of a joint, the resistance in the capsule and ligaments of the joint balances exactly the force attempting to move the joint. In a stress-strain

Immunosuppressed patients Children – hematogenous spread most common On examination Joint swelling / bursal swelling Bone tenderness Rheumatic disease accounts for

the medial branch of the dorsal ramus passes through to supply the facet joint and multifidus. The ligament at any segment is related to the nerve of the

fat and skin. Sacrococcygeal Joint Sacroiliac Joint Lumbosacral: L5/S1 intervertebral disc, and L5/S1 zygapophysial joints. Iliacus: anterosuperiorly Piriformis:

radiocarpal joints, and evidence of comminution. PA radiographs allow for evaluation of the integrity of the distal radio-ulnar joint, the radiocarpal joint, the

supraclavicular fossa, at the midclavicular line. C4 Over the acromioclavicular joint. C5 On the lateral (radial) side of the antecubital fossa, just proximally

deviation of the extensor tendon during flexion and bowstringing during MCP joint hyperextension, injury to the sagittal band causes extensor tendon dislocation

raise test if radicular symptoms present Lumbar Spine Examination Sacroiliac Joint Examination Hip Examination

head is used, the joint is also more stable. On the other hand, because a total hip replacement replaces both sides of the hip joint, it tends to last

Facet joint capsules Lumbar facet joint capsules are richly innervated with encapsulated, unencapsulated, and free nerve endings. Lumbar facet joint capsules

spine costovertebral joints interspinous ligaments and paravertebral muscles possibly not costotransverse joints or facet joints Sternalis Syndrome Stress

one-third of shaft of femur Action Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint Synergists Antagonists Spinal innervation L2, L3, L4 Peripheral Innervation

Thomas test position Quadriceps muscle weakness Pain in the anteromedial knee joint, medial leg, and foot Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Inguinal ligament Positive

ulcers. Cartilage: Articular cartilage in joints, such as the knee, is subjected to shear forces during normal joint movement. The response of cartilage to

supinate. Pronation and supination also require an intact distal radial ulnar joint. The median, ulnar, and radial nerves course along the forearm, along with

segments (Figure 1): The epiphysis is the region of bone adjacent to the joint surface. Below it lies the physis, the area where growth occurs. Distal to

intervertebral joints: the role of torsion in the production of disc degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52(3):468–97 Bogduk N. Degenerative joint disease

derived from the Greek words "pseudo" meaning false and "arthrosis" meaning joint, is a term used to describe the failure of a spinal fusion surgery to achieve

Compression through contact forces applied at the joint surfaces Tension through muscle forces applied about the joint surfaces. Contact forces larger than muscle

stub. The suprascapular nerve supplies sensation to most of the shoulder joint, especially the superior and posterior regions. Various conditions that restrict

Neck of the dorsal horn Aβ, Aδ, (C) WDR, NS Afferent cutaneous, muscle and joint mechanical nociceptors as well as visceral nociceptors. Travels to the brain

noxious stimulation of C2-3 zygapophyseal joints, lateral atlanto-axial joints, and atlantooccipital joints. The following descriptors are used for regions

intervertebral joint. When the lumbar spine flexes there is more stress on the disc, and with extension there is more stress on the facet joints. Compound extension

medial rotator of the thigh, as well as assisting in flexion of the knee joint. It also plays a role in stabilizing the knee during standing and ambulation

(Cervical spine, Upper thoracic spine, Myofascial) Synovitis of the radiohumeral joint Radiohumeral bursitis Radial Head Fractures Radial Head Dislocation Capitellar

extension, the femur slightly medially rotates on the tibia to lock the knee joint in place. It unlocks the knee with medial tibial rotation to allow flexion

stages osteoporosis can occur. Passive joint restriction can occur due to functional motor changes and trophic joint and tendon changes. Weakness is often

can be extension into the subtrochanteric region and there is also often a joint effusion. The main differential is osteonecrosis, but in osteonecrosis the

distal to the capitate-lunate joint and the mean distal limit of its distal portion is 10 mm distal to the carpometacarpal joint of the third metacarpal. The

pseudoganglion. Foot abnormalities: increased foot pronation, midtarsal joint laxity, forefoot varus, rear foot eversion, pes planus, cavovarus foot, hypertrophy

Intracranial pathology Referred cervical pain Sinus disease Temporo-mandibular joint pain Referred dental pain Referred ear pain Primary systemic vasculitis The

instability. If the coronoid process is also fractured, the humero-ulnar joint can be destabilized. Obtaining a true lateral radiograph is essential to

absorbing compressive forces. c. Facet Joints: Also known as zygapophyseal joints, facet joints are paired synovial joints located posteriorly in the FSU. They

Neuromusculoskeletal findings: pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum, scoliosis, joint laxity, arachnodactyly, talipes equinovarus, cervical spine malformation

stop at the periosteum. Aspirate gently and then inject. Cervical Facet Joint Injection Greater Occipital Nerve Injection Paraspinous Cervical Block Third

of disk-related sciatica. I.--Evidence supporting a chemical component. Joint Bone Spine. 2006 Mar;73(2):151-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2005.03.003. Epub

ligamentous hypertrophy, hyperostosis, disc degeneration, facet joint hypertrophy, and uncovertebral joint hypertrophy. Hypertrophy of the latter two structures

use of skin biopsy in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral

of fracture displacement inside of the joint itself, and the goal of treatment is to restore a congruent joint line. Non-displaced fractures can be treated

Intra-articular sacroiliac joint prolotherapy has also been studied as a precision treatment. For 48 patients with sacroiliac joint pain (pain below PSIS,

unstable. It can lead to premature Osteoarthritis OCD is a rare cause of joint pain. In adults, men are more commonly affected than women, and the ankle

(Cervical spine, Upper thoracic spine, Myofascial) Synovitis of the radiohumeral joint Radiohumeral bursitis Radial Head Fractures Radial Head Dislocation Capitellar

extended distal to the proximal interphalangeal joint of index finger when digits are opposed. Skeletal & joint anomalies Cardiac conduction defects 112430

as the underlying cartilage. With continued hip flexion there is subtle joint subluxation and a contre-coup lesion forms. There is delamination of the

and stop it peripherally. For example they may diagnose right L4/5 facet joint pain based on controlled medial branch blocks and provide medial branch radiofrequency

Mechanical Low Back Pain (97%) Internal disc disruption Facet joint pain Sacroiliac joint pain Sacroiliac ligament pain Torsion injuries Vertebral or sacral

with fine motor control Examination Weakness, areflexia without wasting, joint position and vibration sense loss, foot drop, sensory ataxia Diagnosis Diagnostic

This article is a stub. From Manchikanti Main article: Lumbar Radicular Pain In 1993 Nitta et al looked at dermatome patterns by doing fluoroscopically

Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus Sensory: Ankle Joint, Medial Calcaneal Nerve to heel and medial sole of skin Motor: Medial Plantar

(superficial temporal branches), and a few fibres to the temporomandibular joint. Its proximal trunk is located superficially just anterior to the tragus

from hitting a vascular structure. Cervical Spine Procedures Cervical Facet Joint Injection Cervical Retrolaminar Injection Greater Occipital Nerve Injection

femur and iliotibial tract Action External rotation and extension of the hip joint, supports the extended knee through the iliotibial tract, chief antigravity

is often used in combination with other DMARDs. SLE: Proven effective for joint and cutaneous manifestations and preventing disease flares. Metabolic Effects:

the so-called moment arm of the quadriceps. This leverage generates high joint reactive forces (see https://orthopaedia.com/page/Patellofemoral-disorders)

is dermatomal, and typically extends to the back over the costovertebral joint. It can also refer to the upper abdomen. It can be confused with visceral

muscles, which manifests as elevation of the scapulae and internal shoulder joint rotation. Position: The patient lies supine with their arms by their sides

is arising from structures such as a lumbar disc, lumbar facet joint, or sacroiliac joint. Not being aware that buttock pain is extremely common in radicular

abnormal postures Radiculopathy Trauma Other trigger points Visceral pain Joint dysfunction Emotional distress Palpation: The MTP should be palpated perpendicular

30cc) for aspiration Needles 18 gauge: knee 20 gauge: most other joints 25 gauge: MTP joints 27 gauge for anesthetic injection Collection tubes (red top and

provided foot eversion. They are important active stabilisers of the ankle joint. Three are three categories of painful peroneal tendon disorders: tendinopathy

scapulae. 1st rib dysfunction. Subluxation cranially at the costotransverse joint leading to irritation of the nerve roots C8 and T1 as well as the stellate

vestibulospinal activity. Cervical facet joints are densely innervated, 50% of all cervical proprioceptors in joint capsules C1-C3. There are dense mechanoreceptors

24569641. Messier SP, Gutekunst DJ, Davis C, DeVita P. Weight loss reduces knee-joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis

the needle is inserted through the sacrococcygeal joint, but insertion through the intercoccygeal joints has also been described. The optimum technique uses

show lateral toe deviation through MTP joint instability or capsulitis, arthritis change in the adjacent joint, or even a stress fracture of a metatarsal

compression may relieve the pain. Screening hip, lumbar, and sacroiliac joint examinations should be performed. Radiographs Usually unnecessary when symptoms

156–162. van Rossum J et al. Tennis elbow-A radial tunnel syndrome? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60(2):197–8. Ferdinand BD et al. MR Imaging Features of Radial

of olecranon bursitis. Note that the needle is inserted tangential to the joint to avoid penetration of the intra-articular space.

without the buttock. Previously it was not known whether the sacroiliac joint can refer pain past the gluteal region, but there is now evidence showing

diagnostically useful in certain conditions such as cervical pain and sacroiliac joint pain. Pain maps for other areas have also been developed, with less diagnostic

provide mechanical and chemical stimuli Proprioceptors: present in muscles, joints, and tendons and awareness of posture and movement The peripheral nervous

Then from the 1970s other structures were investigated. The cervical facet joints are the only pain patterns that have been shown to be fairly consistent

Injection drug use 10 Other sources, including epidural catheters 8 Bone or joint 7 Urinary tract 3 Upper respiratory tract 3 Sepsis 2 Abdomen 2 Intravascular

alkaline phosphatase in diagnosing bacteraemia in bone and joint infections: CRP in bone and joint infections". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health (in

of pain are not well understood. In adults, disc degeneration and facet joint osteoarthritis are potential pain generators in the affected and adjacent

clubfoot, hemihypertrophy syndromes, clubfoot Function: This refers to joint contracture, soft tissue shortening, ligamentous laxity, axial malalignment

Ischiofemoral impingement Referred pain Referred lumbar spine pain Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Neurological "Hamstring syndrome" Nerve entrapment of posterior

Quadratus Femoris and Inferior Gemellus L4, L5, S1 Sensory branch to hip joint Quadratus Femoris, Inferior Gemellus Perforating Cutaneous Nerve S2, S3 Lower

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction and opposition at the joint. The trapezoid (Figure 8) is positioned between the capitate and trapezium

Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62B:475-480. DOI. Full Text. SMYTH MJ, WRIGHT V. Sciatica and the intervertebral disc; an experimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Am

the deltoid and teres minor muscles. Anatomical variations in glenohumeral joint innervation patterns among patients can complicate the process of distinguishing

motion testing First Rib Tender points Posterior angle Below sternoclavicular joint Scalene insertion Motion testing active breathing Motion testing passive

  Crepitus 3% 100% inf 0.97   Stretch on passive dorsiflexion with knee joint in flexion 13% 87% 1.00 1.00   Single legged heel raise 22% 93% 3.14 0.95

generate pain over the tendon, and so pain inferior to the patellofemoral joint can still be patellofemoral pain. Fat pad irritation as a diagnosis is controversial

knee. Current techniques and spectrum of disease. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2001. 83-A Suppl 2 Pt 2:128-41. PMID: 11712834.

clinical reasoning practice. Patient Links Life After Pain - Jonathan Kuttner Joint Action - podcast on osteoarthritis Curable - trauma informed psychosocial

onset sensory ataxia, potentially secondary to proximal muscle spindle and joint denervation. This reflects damage to the large-fibre neurons. Note, early

memory/concentration problems, gastrointestinal problems, headache, back pain, joint pain, neck pain, and blackouts. Many cases are said to have la belle indifference

variable amount of around ~15% from the posterior column (zygapophysial joints). Narrowing of the intervertebral discs leads to an increase of force taken

practice. Passive stability is provided by the facet joints and ligaments, with the facet joints being the major stabilising elements in flexion. The back

toes Nail deformities and condition Wasting, swelling, or tenderness of joints Erythema, sensory abnormalities, ulcers Passive Movement Range of motion

Simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles, causing altered joint position and often repetitive movements and postures Cervical dystonia, blepharospasm

positive Finkelstein's test may help make the diagnosis. Carpometacarpal joint arthritis. Here, radiographs should make the diagnosis, but recall that a

communicans RF [Level 5] Fusion Surgery [Level 5] Sacroiliac Joint Precision Treatment Lumbar Facet Joint Precision Treatment Radiofrequency Neurotomy Causes and

Digitorum Longus Action Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexion of DIP joints Synergists Antagonists Spinal innervation Peripheral Innervation Lateral

pathways. In contrast, stimuli from deep structures such as bones, ligaments, joints, and muscles have a fairly restricted pathway largely through the spinothalamic

nature and patients may complain of clicking, snapping, or catching with joint motion. They may have impingement pain such as rotator cuff impingement signs

index of suspicion for an associated Lisfranc injury at the tarsometatarsal joint, especially with the involvement of the proximal first through fourth metatarsals

facetogenic pain arising from the right L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 facet joints. He also has mild hip joint osteoarthritis which is largely asymptomatic. He proceeded

Hip and Thigh Hip Joint Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Conditions Pelvis, Hip and Thigh Procedures Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Anatomy Sacroiliac Joint Anterior Thigh Pain

is frequently injured by athletes and trauma victims Main article: Knee Joint The ACL arises from the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle

foot overpronation, generalised hypermobility, reduced range of motion, joint swelling, and focal tenderness. Look for lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly

profile Feel the spinal processes and paraspinal muscles and Temporomandibular joints (TMJs) Assess movement: lumbar flexion and extension and lateral flexion;

visceral disease Chronic distal posterior thigh pain Vascular, soft tissue, joint causes Paediatric groin pain Infectious, inflammatory, mechanical, neoplastic

forces between muscles and bones. Ligaments aid in maintaining physiological joint alignment. Tendons and ligaments are made up of water, collagen type I, elastin

superficial to the rotator cuff tendons, biceps tendon sheath, and glenohumeral joint. On ultrasound imaging, the normal bursa is a thin hypoechoic structure that

practitioners tend to use particulate corticosteroids (like triamcinolone) for joint and soft tissue injections, and non-particulate corticosteroids (like dexamethasone)

Ligaments on the other hand allow different ranges of motion in different joints, and have wider ranges of strain for the toe region depending on the anatomical

Sacroiliac Joint Sacroiliac Joint Conditions Sacroiliac Joint Procedures Sacroiliac Joint Sacroiliac Joint Examination Sacroiliac Joint Pain Differential

This category uses the form Joint.

Lumbar Zygapophysial Joint Precision Treatment Superior Cluneal Nerve Injection Sacroiliac Joint Sacroiliac Joint Procedures Sacroiliac Joint Injection Sacroiliac

hyoid via fibrous tissue or a true joint. As age progresses, there is a physiological progression of ankylosis of the joints connecting the greater and lesser

single neutral posture, is that frequent position changes allows changes in joint position, muscle length, and blood flow to the cervical spine. Patients should

affecting the ligamentum flavum, capsule of the facet joints, and other ligaments. The facet joints are then able to slip forward. This generally occurs

of the epiphyseal plate. See also: Fibrous Connective Tissues, Synovial Joints Water content: increased in immaturity, and this slowly reduces during growth

pain System 1 Soft tissue Hamstring tendinopathy Referred pain Sacroiliac joint referred pain System 2 Soft tissue Hamstring tendinopathy Semimembranosus

caudal of the two vertebral bodies. It is bordered posteriorly by the facet joint, lamina, and ligamentum flavum. It is bordered superiorly and inferiorly

Sacroiliac Joint Select [►] to view subcategories Sacroiliac Joint Sacroiliac Joint Conditions Sacroiliac Joint Procedures Sacroiliac Joint Sacroiliac

and physical function (17 items). Oxford Knee Score (OKS): The OKS is a joint-specific, self-administered questionnaire developed to evaluate the outcomes

Pain Low Back Pain Sacroiliac Pain Coccydynia Upper Limbs Sternoclavicular Joint Pain Shoulder Pain and Instability Elbow Pain Wrist Pain and Instability

lumbar spinal fusion, involving the fusion bed typically through the facet joints and intertransverse gutters. This approach can be supplemented with posterior

Leg Cramps Neuropathic Pain Numbness Proximal Weakness Sternoclavicular Joint Pain and Instability Thoracic Spinal Pain TMJ Pain Vertigo and Dizziness

Complications include malunion, hardware related problems, and adjacent joint osteoarthritic changes. In a study of 523 patients with knee-level common

Cervical Spine General Spine Lumbar Spine Sacrococcygeal Spine Sacroiliac Joint Spine Anatomy Thoracic Spine

Procedures Lumbar Spine Procedures Sacrococcygeal Spine Procedures Sacroiliac Joint Procedures Thoracic Spine Procedures

Examination Thoracic Spine Examination Lumbar Spine Examination Sacroiliac Joint Examination Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilisation Examination Posture Examination

Tissue Disorders Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome Dural Ectasia Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Hypermobile Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Joint Hypermobility Differential

Diagnoses Diagnostic Knee Ultrasound Knee Examination Knee History Knee Joint Aspiration Knee MRI Knee Pain Differential Diagnoses

sagittal line lateral to the sacral foraminae and medial to the sacral iliac joints, called zone 1. There is an equal prevalence of unilateral versus bilateral